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公开(公告)号：US4859062A
公开(公告)日：1989-08-22
申请号：US932234
申请日：1985-01-22
申请人： Gerhard Thurn , Theodor Gast
发明人： Gerhard Thurn , Theodor Gast
CPC分类号： G01N21/474 , G01B11/303
摘要： The invention relates to measuring the surface roughness of a sample. A beam of light is directed onto the surface and the scattered light distribution is measured using a detector array. Either the average deviation or the second moment of the scattered light distribution is then determined, which are measures of the surface roughness.
摘要翻译： 本发明涉及测量样品的表面粗糙度。 光束被引导到表面上，并且使用检测器阵列来测量散射光分布。 然后确定散射光分布的平均偏差或第二时刻，这是表面粗糙度的测量。
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公开(公告)号：US4379404A
公开(公告)日：1983-04-12
申请号：US236907
申请日：1981-02-23
CPC分类号： G01L23/222 , G01H11/08 , F02B1/04
摘要： A metallic reed clamped against a piezoelectric element, and free to oscillate at its other end, generates electrical signals in a piezoelectric element which is held between clamp surfaces in fixed relation to an engine part which transmits engine knock vibrations to the sensor assembly. The reed is oriented perpendicular to the vibratory motions of the engine part on which it is mounted, so that vibrations of the reed will be excited thereby, and these will deform the piezoelectric element to generate signals. The entire assembly can be enclosed in a transverse bore in the head of a cylinder head screw.
摘要翻译： 夹在压电元件上并在其另一端自由振荡的金属簧片在压电元件中产生电信号，该压电元件以固定的关系保持在夹紧表面之间，该发动机部件将发动机爆震振动传递到传感器组件。 簧片垂直于其上安装有发动机部件的振动运动，使得簧片的振动将被激励，并且这些将使压电元件变形以产生信号。 整个组件可以封闭在气缸盖螺钉的头部中的横向孔中。
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公开(公告)号：US4512549A
公开(公告)日：1985-04-23
申请号：US411715
申请日：1982-08-25
申请人： Theodor Gast , Hans Kubach , Kurt Binder
发明人： Theodor Gast , Hans Kubach , Kurt Binder
CPC分类号： F16K31/082
摘要： A magnetic valve in which two cylindrical soft-iron cores are provided which are disposed parallel to one another. The soft-iron cores are each surrounded by a coil. An armature of magnetically conductive material which carries a valve body is caused to move inside the soft-iron cores. Between the two coils, an axially magnetized permanent magnet is disposed in circular-annular fashion. The soft-iron cores have a magnetic short-circuit connecting them with one another.
摘要翻译： 一种电磁阀，其中设置有彼此平行设置的两个圆柱形软铁芯。 软铁芯每个都被一个线圈包围。 导致携带阀体的导磁材料的电枢在软铁芯内移动。 在两个线圈之间，轴向磁化的永磁体以环形方式设置。 软铁芯具有将它们彼此连接的磁短路。
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公开(公告)号：US4488439A
公开(公告)日：1984-12-18
申请号：US405725
申请日：1982-08-06
申请人： Theodor Gast , Kurt Binder , Gunter Honig
发明人： Theodor Gast , Kurt Binder , Gunter Honig
摘要： The mass flow rate of a fluid, for example a gas or air, for example passing through a duct or the like, is determined by placing a vibrating element in the path or stream of air flow, and measuring the damping thereof due to the air flow; the damping can easily be measured, in accordance with the invention, by connecting the vibrating element in a circuit having a servo system including a controlled variable amplifier and a comparator, such as a proportional-integral (PI) controller (14) comparing the signal on the vibrating element with a reference establishing a vibrating amplitude and, in turn, controlling the amplification of the variable amplification amplifier (8) to maintain a constant amplitude of vibration, the control signal controlling the variable amplification amplifier being a measure of the damping, and hence of mass flow rate. To eliminate damping due to extraneous conditions, such as clamping of the mechanical vibrating elements, connection of electrodes and the like, an alternating current (10a) can be fed to the vibrating element, the alternating current having a frequency which is high with respect to the vibration frequency, and then being filtered out by a band-pass filter (17) tuned to the alternating current frequency, the level of the signal across the vibrating element being subtracted from the overall damping signal to thereby eliminate errors due to inherent damping of the mechanical system independent of fluid flow.
摘要翻译： 流体，例如气体或空气的质量流量，例如通过管道等，通过将振动元件放置在空气流的路径或流中并且由于空气而测量其阻尼来确定 流; 根据本发明，通过将振动元件连接在具有包括受控可变放大器的伺服系统和诸如比例积分（PI）控制器（14）之间的比较器的电路中，可以容易地测量阻尼，比较该信号 在振动元件上具有建立振动幅度的参考，并且进而控制可变放大放大器（8）的放大率以保持恒定的振幅，控制可变放大放大器的控制信号是衰减的量度， 因此质量流量。 为了消除诸如机械振动元件的夹紧，电极连接等的外来条件的阻尼，可将交流电（10a）馈入振动元件，该交流电流的频率相对于 振动频率，然后被调谐到交流频率的带通滤波器（17）滤除，从整体阻尼信号中减去振动元件两端的信号电平，从而消除由于固有阻尼引起的误差 机械系统独立于流体流动。
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公开(公告)号：US4383434A
公开(公告)日：1983-05-17
申请号：US241513
申请日：1981-03-09
CPC分类号： G01L23/223 , B06B1/08 , F02B1/04
摘要： A flexure vibrator clamped at one end and oriented in a direction perpendicular to the direction of oscillations produced at its clamped end mounting by knocks in an engine to which the sensor is affixed, is provided with a magnetostrictive body which generates electrical signals in response to vibrations of the vibrator. The vibrator may be made of magnetostrictive material and its upper and lower halves may be of opposite polarity, a result that may be obtained by folding over a strip of magnetic material on itself at one end or the other. A vibrating body of material that is not magnetostrictive may have a magnetostrictive body associated with it. If the magnetostrictive material has no remanence, a magnetic bias may be applied by an additional coil or by a permanent magnet. Sensitivity is improved if damping signals in phase opposition to the vibration-produced signals are applied from the time that the knock signals die away until the next engine spark, with damping applied to one diagonal of a bridge of which the detector coil is one arm and the detected signal being taken off from the other diagonal of the bridge.
摘要翻译： 弯曲振动器被固定在一端，并且在垂直于其夹紧端安装的振荡方向上的方向上定向，该传感器固定在发动机中，其具有响应于振动产生电信号的磁致伸缩体 的振动器。 振动器可以由磁致伸缩材料制成，并且其上半部和下半部可以具有相反的极性，这可以通过在一端或另一端折叠在其自身上的磁性材料条获得。 不具有磁致伸缩性的材料的振动体可以具有与其相关联的磁致伸缩体。 如果磁致伸缩材料没有剩磁，则磁偏置可以由附加线圈或永久磁铁施加。 从爆震信号消失直到下一个发动机火花的时间施加与振动产生的信号相位相反的阻尼信号的灵敏度得到改善，其中阻尼施加到检测器线圈是一个臂的桥的一个对角线， 检测到的信号从桥的另一个对角线中取出。
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公开(公告)号：US4762138A
公开(公告)日：1988-08-09
申请号：US941113
申请日：1986-12-12
申请人： Kuhne Manfred , Theodor Gast , Karl-Ulrich Kramm , Karl Nolte
发明人： Kuhne Manfred , Theodor Gast , Karl-Ulrich Kramm , Karl Nolte
CPC分类号： G01G19/00 , A24C5/34 , A24C5/3424 , Y10S131/908 , Y10S131/91
摘要： For monitoring the end dropout of cigarettes in the course of the cigarette production beneath a point at which the cigarettes rotate about their longitudinal axis a mass transducer for the dropping tobacco particles is disposed; an evaluating device determines from the mass of the tobacco particles on the one hand and the number of cigarettes passing through on the other the average end dropout. The mass transducer includes a vertically movably resiliently mounted pushrod which is held in its desired position by an electromagnetic return system. The magnitude of the current supplied to an electromagnetic return system represents a measure of the mass of the collected tobacco particles.
摘要翻译： 为了监测在卷烟生产过程中香烟在其纵轴线周围旋转的点下方的卷烟端部脱落，设置了用于放下烟草颗粒的质量传感器; 评估装置一方面根据烟草颗粒的质量和另一方通过的香烟的数量来确定平均端部脱落。 质量传感器包括垂直可移动地弹性安装的推杆，其通过电磁返回系统保持在其期望位置。 供应给电磁回流系统的电流的大小表示所收集的烟草颗粒的质量的量度。
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公开(公告)号：US4493215A
公开(公告)日：1985-01-15
申请号：US388890
申请日：1982-06-16
申请人： Theodor Gast , Kurt Binder , Gunter Honig
发明人： Theodor Gast , Kurt Binder , Gunter Honig
摘要： An electromagnetically excited vibrator with arms carrying baffle members at their ends that are immersed in the flow to be measured is mounted at one or more vibration nodes to reduce loss of vibratory energy to the casing of the flow meter. A flat magnetically conducting cross shape can be mounted at a node in the middle, provided each cross beam of the cross is vibrated in flexure, and the two cross beams vibrate in phase opposition (counter stroke). Such a vibrator is excited by a similarly crossed pair of E-shaped cores with exciter and secondary windings on the middle legs of the cores, or by a coaxial re-entrant core with permanent magnet wafers set in the rim at respective locations separated by an air gap from the arms of the cross. In each case the vibrator can be firmly affixed to the central leg or legs of the core. A two-ended rod system can be excited by magnetostriction, operating differentially on a split middle portion of the core, while the latter is supported at two nodes located between the split middle portion and the respective ends that carry baffle members. Evaluation circuits in all cases measure the vibration damping caused by fluid flow.
摘要翻译： 一个电磁激励的振动器，其端部上带有挡板部件的臂被浸在待测量的流中，安装在一个或多个振动节点处，以减少对流量计壳体的振动能量的损失。 如果交叉的每个横梁以弯曲方式振动，则平坦的导磁十字形可以安装在中间的节点处，并且两个横梁以相对的相反方向振动（相对行程）。 这样的振动器被类似的交叉的一对E形磁芯激励，在芯的中间腿上具有激励器和次级绕组，或者通过同轴的入口磁芯激活，永磁体晶片设置在边缘中的相应位置， 从十字架的手臂上的气隙。 在每种情况下，振动器可以牢固地固定在芯的中心腿或腿上。 两端杆系统可以通过磁致伸缩激励，在芯的中间部分分开工作，而后者则被支撑在分开的中间部分和带有挡板部件的相应端部之间的两个节点处。 评估电路在所有情况下测量由流体流动引起的振动阻尼。
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公开(公告)号：US4392632A
公开(公告)日：1983-07-12
申请号：US279822
申请日：1981-07-02
申请人： Theodor Gast , Kurt Binder
发明人： Theodor Gast , Kurt Binder
CPC分类号： F16K31/082
摘要： An axially magnetized cylindrical permanent magnet has a valve plug projection at one end for seating in a valve seat. It moves axially within a cavity, provided by two cup cores of ferromagnetic material, which is bisected by a medium ring that has an aperture allowing the permanent magnet to slide within it. Each cup core has a re-entrant central pole, one of which carries the valve seat and is bored to provide one valve port. Windings between the re-entrant poles and the core shells are concurrently energized in such a way as to produce like poles at the re-entrant pole faces, so that one will repel the permanent magnet and the other will attract it. A pulse of current is sufficient to open or close the valve and may be followed by a reverse pulse to brake the plug in order to reduce wear. The permanent magnet force holds the plug in either end positon when there is no current.
摘要翻译： 轴向磁化的圆柱形永磁体在一端具有用于安置在阀座中的阀塞突出部。 它由一个由铁磁材料的两个杯芯提供的腔内轴向移动，该铁心材料由具有允许永磁体在其内滑动的孔的介质环对分。 每个杯芯具有一个重入的中心极，其中一个承载阀座，并且无孔以提供一个阀口。 引入极和芯壳之间的绕组同时被激励，以便在重入极面处产生类似的极，使得它们将排斥永久磁体，而另一个将吸引它。 电流脉冲足以打开或关闭阀门，然后可以用反向脉冲来制动塞子，以减少磨损。 当没有电流时，永磁力将插头保持在任一端位置。
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公开(公告)号：US4275586A
公开(公告)日：1981-06-30
申请号：US3811
申请日：1979-01-16
申请人： Theodor Gast , Kurt Binder
发明人： Theodor Gast , Kurt Binder
CPC分类号： G01L23/222 , G01H11/08
摘要： In order to detect the occurrence of engine knock (pinging, detonation), a piezoelectric sensor is mounted on the engine in a location where the oscillations due to engine knock are readily transmitted. The detector is a strip or strips of piezoelectric material mounted in cantilevered configuration in a clamping device. An advantageous location for the sensor is a bore within one of the cylinder head bolts of the engine. A variety of embodiments is described including the provision of seals for permitting the introduction of a damping fluid in the receiver bore for the sensor.
摘要翻译： 为了检测发动机爆震（砰击，爆震）的发生，压电传感器安装在发动机上容易传递由于发动机撞击的振荡的位置。 检测器是在夹紧装置中以悬臂结构安装的压电材料条或条。 传感器的有利位置是发动机的气缸盖螺栓之一内的孔。 描述了各种实施例，包括提供用于允许在传感器的接收器孔中引入阻尼流体的密封件。
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公开(公告)号：US4255965A
公开(公告)日：1981-03-17
申请号：US54906
申请日：1979-07-05
申请人： Alfred Schulz , Bernward Boning , Uwe Kiencke , Heinz Theuerkauf , Theodor Gast , Gunter Honig , Rudolf Nagel
发明人： Alfred Schulz , Bernward Boning , Uwe Kiencke , Heinz Theuerkauf , Theodor Gast , Gunter Honig , Rudolf Nagel
CPC分类号： G01H11/08 , G01H1/00 , G01L23/222
摘要： In order to suppress the train of detector oscillations after the disappearance of the engine knock phenomenon, the invention provides a piezoelectric oscillator which is set into vibration by engine knock and includes circuitry for applying signals of opposite polarity to the oscillator at times when no engine knock is expected. Accordingly, the output of the piezoelectric engine knock detector is used only in a relatively narrow time interval during the combustion cycle. In the remaining interval, the circuit switches over to a configuration where the oscillations of the piezoelectric oscillator are damped. The construction of the invention makes it possible to discriminate between different cylinders of a multi-cylinder engine and to assign the knock phenomenon to particular engine cylinders. A number of embodiments is presented.
摘要翻译： 为了抑制发动机爆震现象消失后的检测器振荡，本发明提供了一种通过发动机撞击而被设置为振动的压电振荡器，并且包括用于在没有发动机撞击时施加与振荡器相反极性的信号的电路 是期待。 因此，在燃烧循环期间，压电发动机爆震检测器的输出仅在相对狭窄的时间间隔内使用。 在剩余的间隔中，电路切换到压电振荡器的振荡被阻尼的配置。 本发明的结构使得可以区分多缸发动机的不同气缸并将爆震现象分配给特定的发动机气缸。 呈现了许多实施例。
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