摘要:
To provide an image forming apparatus which can realize stable charging and development characteristics, with a high resistance provided on the photoreceptor side. A photoreceptor drum is laminated with a high-resistance layer, and with a photoreceptor layer. A charging roller is provided with a metal shaft on a photoreceptor support and it is laminated with a low-resistance layer. In the image forming apparatus, a condition, T/(Rp×&egr;p/dp)>2.3, is satisfied, where Rp (&OHgr;m2) is the resistance per unit area of the resistance layer in the perpendicular direction, T (sec) is a passage time of the charging nip at each point on a surface of the photoreceptor drum, &egr;p (F/m) is a dielectric constant of the photoreceptor layer, and dp (m) is a film thickness of the photoreceptor layer.
摘要:
A developing apparatus capable of supplying a uniform thin layer of toner and of preventing toner scattering and leakage is provided, where the developing apparatus includes a supply roller for supplying toner to an outer peripheral surface of a toner carrier, the toner carrier for transferring the supplied toner by rotation and a layer thickness controlling member for controlling a thickness of the layer of the supplied toner at a predetermined value while making slide contact with the outer peripheral surface of the toner carrier via the toner, wherein the thin toner layer is supplied to an electrostatic latent image on an image carrier. The layer thickness controlling member is formed of an elastic plate to have a bent portion convex toward the toner carrier. The layer thickness controlling member is held by sealing members so that the bent portion makes elastic contact with the toner carrier outer peripheral surface over a nearly entire length of the toner carrier.
摘要:
A contact charging device includes a charging roller and a power source, the charging roller having a conductive core, a conductive elastic layer and a coating layer and rotating as being in contact with a photoreceptor drum made up of a conductive body and a photoconductor, and the power source applying between the core and the body a bias voltage in which an ac voltage has been superimposed on a dc voltage. The charging roller and the photoreceptor drum form an oscillation system of a characteristic frequency fm which oscillates due to static adsorptive force. The characteristic frequency fm is calculated from each parameter of the oscillation system, and a frequency fac of a superimposed ac voltage or twice the value of the frequency fac is set to fall within a range of fac≦0.5 fm or fac≧1.5 fm so as to suppress both resonance of the oscillation system and relatively large oscillation when taking viscosity damping resistance into consideration. A highly reliable contact charging device capable of surely preventing charging noise can be provided by adopting the highly universal condition of suppressing oscillation as obtained by an efficient method.
摘要:
An internal combustion engine control apparatus includes a pseudo knock determination unit that determines whether or not a pseudo knock has been produced in a knock detection window, based on at least one of the frequency, a status amount indicating a rotation speed of the internal combustion engine, a status amount indicating a load of the internal combustion engine, and a status amount indicating an air-fuel ratio of the internal combustion engine; and a moving-average processing unit that sets a second period to a period that is approximately the same as a first period, in the case where it has been determined that the pseudo knock was not produced, and that does not implement moving-averaging or sets the second period to a period that is narrower than the first period, in the case where it has been determined that a pseudo knock was produced.
摘要:
A game machine uses a center unit that utilizes a physical operation of a ball to select at least one pocket by a drawing, and includes: cameras that are placed to be able to take images of the pockets; a center monitor that can display a video picture taken by the camera; and, sensors that detects the pocket decided by the drawing. And, the game machine specifies a predetermined video picture range from the video picture taken by the cameras, based on a detection result of the sensors, so as to include the video picture of the selected pocket at a time when the selected pocket is selected, and, displays a predetermined video picture on the center monitor based on the video picture in the predetermined video picture range specified.
摘要:
There are provided a combustion start determination unit that determines whether or not the inner-cylinder state of an internal combustion engine has changed from a non-combustion state to a combustion state; and a filter coefficient changing demand unit that outputs a filter coefficient changing demand until a predetermined filter coefficient changing period elapses from the time instant when the combustion start determination unit determines that the inner-cylinder state of the internal combustion engine has changed from the non-combustion state to the combustion state to the time instant. Based on the filter coefficient changing demand, at least one of a background level calculation unit and a standard deviation calculation unit changes the value of a filter coefficient utilized in a filtering operation to the one with which a filtering effect is weakened.
摘要:
In a knock control device of an internal combustion engine equipped with a control unit which updates a background level based on an output signal from a knock sensor and detects the generation of a knock by comparing a variation of the background level with a knock determination value, a determination as to whether the knock is generated is performed by ((variation of first filter value of peak hold value)>((1−filter coefficient)/(1+filter coefficient)×(predetermined value larger than maximum value of variation of peak hold value in case where knock is not generated))).
摘要:
A knock control apparatus for an internal combustion engine includes a knock signal normalization portion that normalizes a knock signal using base statistics calculated on the basis of the knock signal. The knock signal normalization portion calculates base statistics on the basis of a last value and a current value of the knock signal and normalizes the knock signal using a base statistic interpolated according to an operating state.
摘要:
A microprocessor operation monitoring system whose own tasks are constituted by associating beforehand the task number of the task that is next to be started up, for each of the tasks constituting the program, and abnormality of microprocessor operation is detected by comparing and determining whether or not the announced task and the task to be started up match.
摘要:
A toner container includes a cylindrical container body, having a first opening in a first end thereof and a notch in a circumferential surface thereof continuous with the first opening in the first end, a flange member to engage the first opening and the notch in the container body and having a toner outlet therein through which toner in the container body is discharged, a shutter member disposed on the outer circumferential surface of the container body, a conveyance member, rotatably installed inside the container body to convey the toner from a second end of the container body opposite the first end to the toner outlet in the flange member, and a recessed portion in the container body that projects inward into the interior of the toner container 5 mm or less from an inner surface of the container body.