Abstract:
A diffractive optical element includes a first optical member including a first diffraction grating; and a second optical member including a second diffraction grating and arranged so that the second diffraction grating faces the first diffraction grating. Inorganic particulates are dispersed in the second optical member. An inorganic particulate volume ratio is higher in the second diffraction grating than a portion of the second optical member on an opposite side of the second diffraction grating.
Abstract:
A hybrid optical element includes: a glass substrate having a first optically functional surface and a second optically functional surface; and a resin layer bonded to the second optically functional surface. The glass substrate further has an outer peripheral surface provided around the first optically functional surface. The outer peripheral surface has a surface roughness Ra of at least 1 μm but not more than 20 μm.
Abstract:
An electrostatic charging member includes a base material; and an outermost layer that contains a porous filler and a resin and has a gel fraction of at least about 50% and a surface roughness Rz in a range of about 2 μm to about 20 μm.