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    Electro-optical step marker
    1.
    发明授权
    Electro-optical step marker 失效
    电光步进标记

    公开(公告)号：US3900264A

    公开(公告)日：1975-08-19

    申请号：US37147373

    申请日：1973-06-19

    Applicant: LEITZ ERNST GMBH

    Inventor： HEITMANN KNUT ,  SCHNEIDER ECKART

    IPC: G01D5/38 ,  G01B9/02

    CPC classification number: G01D5/38

    Abstract: In an interferometric electro-optical step marker comprising a code trace constructed like a diffraction grating the diffraction orders are caused to interfere with one another in pairs in order to generate periodically varying measurement signals. The diffraction grating is so constructed that as a consequence of its line pattern at least one diffraction order of a higher number, preferably > OR = 3, receives clearly more light in comparison to the remaining diffraction orders. The combination of such diffraction orders with higher numbers results in a higher Doppler frequency, whereby the mechanically ruled grating interval is electro-optically subdivided.

    Method of synchronizing the change of digits in absolute-value measuring devices and apparatus therefor
    3.
    发明授权
    Method of synchronizing the change of digits in absolute-value measuring devices and apparatus therefor 失效
    在绝对值测量装置中同步数字变化的方法及其装置

    公开(公告)号：US3671750A

    公开(公告)日：1972-06-20

    申请号：US3671750D

    申请日：1970-07-20

    Applicant: LEITZ ERNST GMBH

    Inventor： HEITMANN KNUT ,  SCHNEIDER ECKART

    IPC: H03M1/00 ,  H01J5/16

    CPC classification number: H03M1/00 ,  H03M1/0617

    Abstract: A method of synchronizing the change of digits in the indicator of absolute-value measuring devices. The method makes use of three possible electrical signals of different amplitude level obtained from scanning at least one track of markings subdividing the track to a certain degree of fineness, and of a control signal obtained from scanning a track of higher fineness. The combined signals control a threshold value discriminator of which the output signal is used for changing the digits. An apparatus for practicing the method comprises a displaceable record carrier having tracks of different degrees of fineness thereon with only one sensing means associated with each track. Each sensing means is connected to a summing circuit stage which, further, is in connection with the sensing means associated with the track of higher fineness. The summing circuit stage is, in turn, connected to the threshold value discriminator.

    Abstract translation: 一种使绝对值测量装置的指示符中的数字变化同步的方法。 该方法利用从扫描至少一个细分轨道的标记到一定程度的细度获得的不同幅度水平的三个可能的电信号，以及从扫描较高细度的轨迹获得的控制信号。 组合信号控制用于改变数字的输出信号的阈值鉴别器。 用于实施该方法的装置包括可移位的记录载体，其具有不同程度的细度的轨道，其中只有一个感测装置与每个轨道相关联。 每个感测装置连接到求和电路级，其进一步与与较高细度的轨道相关联的感测装置连接。 累加电路级又连接到阈值鉴别器。

    Optical device for determining extent of movement
    5.
    发明授权
    Optical device for determining extent of movement 失效
    用于确定运动范围的光学装置

    公开(公告)号：US3591841A

    公开(公告)日：1971-07-06

    申请号：US3591841D

    申请日：1969-01-24

    Applicant: LEITZ ERNST GMBH

    Inventor： HEITMANN KNUT ,  SCHNEIDER ECKART ,  LEITZ LUDWIG

    IPC: G01D5/347 ,  H03M1/00 ,  G01D5/34

    CPC classification number: H03M1/00 ,  G01D5/34792 ,  H03M1/1009

    Abstract: An apparatus for measuring the linear or angular movement of an object being provided with two graduation carriers movable relative to one another; one of the carriers being connectable to the object to be measured, the other one being connectable to a reference body. The apparatus further comprises means for illuminating one of the graduation carriers, means for projecting an image of the illuminated carrier on the other carrier, photoelectric means for sensing the carriers, and electronic evaluation means for processing the signals from the photoelectric means so as to provide output signals usable for digital indication or for control purposes. The first of the two graduation carriers having linear graduations comprising transparent or reflective striplike marks, the ratio of the graduation interval to the mark width corresponding, in the direction of the relative movement, to the desired number of interval fractions per graduation interval, and the second graduation carrier having one or a plurality of sensing fields the number of which is less than the desired number of interval fractions and which together form a combination of image patterns, each of these sensing fields having a plurality of striplike, light-permeable and light-impermeable portions of its surface area which are parallel with the marks of the first graduation carrier and which are unequal inter se in such a way that, upon relative movement of the graduation carriers over a distance corresponding to a graduation interval, different combinations of image patterns are produced which correspond in number to the desired number of interval fractions per graduation interval.

    Apparatus for determining the position of an edge
    6.
    发明授权
    Apparatus for determining the position of an edge 失效
    用于确定边缘位置的装置

    公开(公告)号：US3565532A

    公开(公告)日：1971-02-23

    申请号：US3565532D

    申请日：1968-06-20

    Applicant: LEITZ ERNST GMBH

    Inventor： HEITMANN KNUT ,  SCHNEIDER ECKART

    IPC: G01B21/16 ,  G01D5/34 ,  G01B11/00 ,  G01D5/36

    CPC classification number: G01D5/34

    Abstract: AN APPARATUS IS DISCLOSED WHICH COMPRISES A LIGHT SOURCE AND MEANS FOR OSCILLATORY SCANNING OF THE EDGE OF AN OBJECT BY MEANS OF A LIGHT BEAM WHICH AFTER SCANNING IS INCIDENT ON A PHOTOELECTRIC RECEIVER. IN A FIRST EMBODIMENT OF THE INVENTION THE ELECTRIC PULSES GENERATED BY THE RECEIVER ARE SUPPLIED TO A DIFFERENTIATING STAGE WITH FULL WAVE RECTIFIER WHICH IS CONNECTED TO A KNOWN CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENT FOR THE EVALUATION OF ELECTRIC SIGNALS OBTAINED BY THE SCANNING OF SCALE MARKS. IN A SECOND EMBODIMENT THE PULSES ARE CONDUCTED TO A DIFFERENTIATING STAGE WITH A RESONANT AMPLIFIER THAT IS TUNED TO AN EVEN-NUMBER MULTIPLE OF THE SCANNING FREQUENCY. TO THE OUTPUT TERMINALS OF THAT AMPLIFIER IS CONNECTED A PHASE-SENSITIVE RECTIFIER WHICH IS CONTROLLED BY A REFERENCE SIGNAL DERIVED FROM THE SCANNING MOTION. THE OUTPUT SIGNALS OF THIS AMPLIFIER ARE THEN EVALUATED IN KNOWN MANNER, FOR EXAMPLE BY AN INDICATING MEANS. IN A THIRD DISCLOSED EMBODIMENT THE PULSE ARE CONDUCTED TOA SQUARE SHAPER WHOSE OUTPUT IS SERIALLY CONNECTED TO A SYMMETRICAL SHAPING STAGE WHICH IS CONNECTED TO A LOW-PASS FILTER AND AN EVALUATION DEVICE, FOR EXAMPLE A COMPARISON STAGE.

    Method and apparatus for the no-contact measurement of velocities, changes in relative position, or displacement paths
    7.
    发明授权
    Method and apparatus for the no-contact measurement of velocities, changes in relative position, or displacement paths 失效
    无接触测量速度，相对位置变化或位移路径的方法和装置

    公开(公告)号：US3904295A

    公开(公告)日：1975-09-09

    申请号：US38378073

    申请日：1973-07-30

    Applicant: LEITZ ERNST GMBH

    Inventor： HOCK FROMUND ,  HEITMANN KNUT ,  KAUL DIETMAR

    IPC: G01D5/38 ,  G01P3/36

    CPC classification number: G01D5/38 ,  G01P3/36

    Abstract: Light diffracting or dispersing properties of an object dividing a wave front in angular differently oriented wave fronts are used for no-contact optical velocity-, acceleration-, change in relative position- or displacement path measurements of said object movable relative to a measuring head. No systematic markings affecting light phase or amplitude on the measuring surface are disposed in the depth of field of imaging system. Measurements are made respectively to one coordinate associated to one of the six possible spatial degrees of freedom of motion. The object under test and an optical component yielding sharply defined angular relationship among different but combined wave fronts are conjugatedly disposed in the imaging system. Light modulations produced upon changing the relative position are photoelectrically converted into signals exhibiting a frequency change proportional to linear or angular velocity variation. The measurement is improved by using components having negligible light absorption, and determining angular relationship among the wave fronts. Light fluxes from interaction among partial wave fronts containing information concerning the object movement, derived from solid angle areas of equal modulation phase are converted separately into photoelectrical signals having sinusoidally varying modulation characteristics with the respective measuring coordinate. The modulation period cycles are half as long as the statistical spatial frequency components of the object under test. The light energy proportions are split off from and outside the solid angle area of the illumination aperture. The electric signals produced are evaluated as direct or carrier-frequency signals with respect to the measured qualities desired.

    Abstract translation: 用于以角度不同的方向波前划分波前的物体的光衍射或分散特性用于所述物体相对于测量头可移动的相对位置或位移路径测量中的无接触光学速度 - 加速度 - 变化。 在成像系统的景深中不设置影响测量面上的光相位或振幅的系统标记。 分别进行与六个可能的空间自由度之一相关联的一个坐标的测量。 被测物体和在不同但组合的波阵面之间产生明显的角度关系的光学部件共轭地设置在成像系统中。 在改变相对位置时产生的光调制被光电转换成具有与线性或角速度变化成比例的频率变化的信号。 通过使用具有可忽略的光吸收的分量并确定波前的角度关系来改善测量。 衍生自相等调制相位的立体角区域的包含有关物体运动的信息的部分波前相互作用的光通量分别转换成具有正弦变化调制特性的光电信号，并具有相应的测量坐标。 调制周期周期是被测对象的统计空间频率分量的一半。 光能比例与照明光圈的立体角区域分离开。 所产生的电信号相对于所需的测量质量被评估为直接或载波频率信号。

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