Abstract:
Techniques are described for a charged particle optical apparatus that includes a loop of solid material that encloses a bore and a wire winding poloidally wrapped around the loop surrounding the bore. A current is applied to the toroidal winding generating a magnetic field inside the loop along a toroidal direction of the loop and generating magnetic vector potential within the bore. When charged particle(s) pass through the bore of the loop, the magnetic vector potential focuses the charged particles based on the focal point of the charged particle optical apparatus.
Abstract:
A novel catalyst includes a plurality of nanoparticles, each nanoparticle including a core made of a catalytic metal and a porous shell surrounding the core, made of metal oxide, the porous shell preserving a catalytic function of the core and reducing reduction of the core and coalescence of the nanoparticles.
Abstract:
A method of forming crystallized semiconductor particles includes: forming amorphous semiconductor particles in a vacuumed aggregation chamber; transporting the amorphous semiconductor particles formed in the vacuumed aggregation chamber to a vacuumed deposition chamber within which a substrate is held; and applying a vapor of a metal catalyst to the amorphous semi-conductor particles while still in transit to the substrate in the vacuumed deposition chamber to induce crystallization of at least portion of the amorphous semiconductor particles via the metal catalyst in the transit, thereby depositing the crystallized semiconductor particles with the metal catalyst attached thereto onto the substrate.