Abstract:
A method of forming a thin film includes coating one side of a transferring stamp including a hydrophilic polymer layer with a hydrophilic solution to form a transfer layer, and transferring the transfer layer to the substrate.
Abstract:
According to example embodiments, a hybrid metal oxide having a network structure includes an oxygen atom that is covalently bonded to a first metal and a second metal. At least one of the first metal and the second metal has two or more oxidation states. A solar cell may have an interlayer including the hybrid metal oxide. According to example embodiments, a hybrid metal oxide may be formed using a sol-gel process from a solution including a first metal precursor and a second metal precursor.