摘要:
Methods and apparatus are disclosed for fracturing subterranean formations using fracturing fluids that are hydrated from dry mix blends. One aspect of the invention comprises a dry blended particulate composition for hydraulic fracturing comprising a particulate hydratable polysaccharide, a particulate crosslinking agent, and a slowly releasing particulate base. The compositions employ controlled release methods of particle dissolution. The invention reveals a dry blended particulate composition capable of significantly improved high temperature stability. Further, methods of fracturing and apparatus for rapidly hydrating and pumping the fracturing fluid into subterranean formations are disclosed.
摘要:
A treatment fluid that can be used for treating a subterranean formation penetrated by a wellbore is prepared from a primary treatment fluid component and an emulsion component mixed with the primary treatment fluid component. The emulsion component has an oil phase and an aqueous phase. The emulsion component comprising a source of insoluble silica particles and a source of calcium hydroxide, wherein the source of calcium hydroxide is present in the oil phase, and the source of insoluble silica particles are contained in the aqueous phase. The method is carried out by contacting at least a portion of the formation with the treatment fluid.
摘要:
A treatment fluid that can be used for treating a subterranean formation penetrated by a wellbore is prepared from a primary treatment fluid component and an emulsion component mixed with the primary treatment fluid component. The emulsion component has an oil phase and an aqueous phase. The emulsion component comprising a source of insoluble silica particles and a source of calcium hydroxide, wherein the source of calcium hydroxide is present in the oil phase, and the source of insoluble silica particles are contained in the aqueous phase. The method is carried out by contacting at least a portion of the formation with the treatment fluid.
摘要:
The improved recovery of hydrocarbons from subterranean formations by hydraulically fracturing a subterranean formation is accomplished. Fracturing fluids using a viscosifying surfactant fluid containing viscosifying micelles, for example, wormlike micelles, are useful to improve recovery of hydrocarbons and limit the loss of fracturing fluid into the formation fracture face. The invention further relates to novel fracturing and acidizing methods useful for increasing hydrocarbon production, limiting water production, resisting fracturing fluid loss into the subterranean formation, and reducing the equipment requirements in mixing and pumping fracturing fluid. The action of viscosifying micelles of surfactant in aqueous zones of the subterranean formation diverts fracturing fluid or acid from the aqueous zones to the hydrocarbon-bearing zones and also facilitates the flowback of increased amounts of hydrocarbons once a fractured well is placed back on production. These methods selectively block the pore structure in a water-bearing zone and do not blocking the pore structure of a hydrocarbon zone at the formation face. The step for selectively blocking forms a plug of a viscous fluid containing viscosifying micelles in the pore structure of the water-bearing zone at the formation face.
摘要:
The improved recovery of hydrocarbons from subterranean formations by hydraulically fracturing a subterranean formation is accomplished. Fracturing fluids using a viscoelastic surfactant fluid containing wormlike micelles are useful to improve recovery of hydrocarbons and limit the loss of fracturing fluid into the formation fracture face. The invention further relates to novel fracturing methods useful for increasing hydrocarbon production, limiting connate water production, resisting fracturing fluid loss into the subterranean formation, and reducing the equipment requirements in mixing and pumping fracturing fluid. The action of micelles of surfactant in aqueous zones of the subterranean formation facilitates the flowback of increased amounts of hydrocarbons once a fractured well is placed back on production.
摘要:
Prior to pumping completion brine fluid into a wellbore, an additive comprising two percent (2%) of a 0.25% solution of polyacrylamide is blended into the completion brine fluid thereby producing a treated brine fluid. This blending would be performed in tanks at the wellsite. The treated brine fluid is then pumed into the wellbore. In addition, or in the alternative, a new perforating gun stores the polyacrylamide additive composition. When the perforating gun detonates, the additive is disbursed into the completion brine fluid disposed in the annulus of the wellbore. For example, the new perforating gun may include a plurality of shaped charges coated with a lacquer of the polyacrylamide additive, or it may include one or more containers which contain the polyacrylamide additive. When the brine completion fluid is pumped into the wellbore annulus, a detonation wave conducts in a detonating cord of the perforating gun. The detonation wave passes through each of the containers. As a result, the containers will rupture and the plurality of shaped charges will detonate. Since the containers each ruptured, the polyacrylamide additive composition from the containers will be disbursed into the brine completion fluid in the annulus. In addition, or in the alternative, since the shaped charges of the new perforating gun were coated with a lacquer of the polyacrylamide composition, when the shaped charges detonated, the polyacrylamide composition on the zinc charge debris mixes with the brine fluid in the wellbore annulus. Zinc oxychloride hydrate debris is formed as a reaction product. However, the presence of the polyacrylamide additive in the zinc oxychloride hydrate debris will inhibit the formation of hardened chunks of a cement-like material in the annulus of the wellbore.
摘要:
A novel method and device for manipulating ferrofluids for use in cementing wells are disclosed. The cementitious fluids may comprise: (a) a hydraulic cement, (b) finely divided magnetic particles, (c) a binding agent or a surfactant, and (d) a liquid medium. The binding agent or surfactant is present in the compositions in an amount sufficient to render the compositions stable in a magnetic field. When used in cementing wells, the cementitious ferrofluids are implaced in the annulus separating a casing from the formation in a wellbore by conventional techniques and the slurry is subsequently subjected to an activating alternating magnetic field that causes movement of the flurry. The non-cementitious ferrofluids comprise: (a) finely divided magnetic particles, (b) stabilizing agent, and (c) a liquid medium. The movement of the slurry results in a "scrubbing" action against the surface of the casing and formation surfaces, and a mixing of the slurry which helps displace any residual drilling mud. The net result is better bonding of the cement to the casing and formation.
摘要:
Methods of treating depression, binge eating disorder, narcolepsy, excessive daytime sleepiness, substance use disorders, and Prader Willi syndrome, disorders characterized at least in part by hypocortisolemia and decreased activity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, and disorders related to disturbances in circadian rhythm, comprising the step of administering an effective amount of a histamine type 3 (Bb) receptor antagonist, such as betahistine or its pharmaceutically acceptable salts, or its metabolites to an individual.
摘要:
Methods and compositions are disclosed for controlled addition of components that decrease the viscosity of the viscoelastic surfactant fluids or for controlled changes in the electrolyte concentration or composition of the viscoelastic surfactant fluids. One aspect of the invention relates to the use of internal breakers with a delayed activation. Another aspect of the invention relates to the use of precursors that release a breaking system such as alcohol by a process such as melting, slow dissolution, reaction with a compound present in the fluid or added to the fluid during or after the step of injecting, rupture of an encapsulating coating and de-adsorption of a breaking agent absorbed into solid particles. In another aspect of the invention, alcohols are included in a pad to reduce the low-shear viscosity and reduce the resistance to flow of the treatment fluids during a desired phase of the treatment.
摘要:
Methods and compositions are disclosed for controlled addition of components that decrease the viscosity of the viscoelastic surfactant fluids or for controlled changes in the electrolyte concentration or composition of the viscoelastic surfactant fluids. One aspect of the invention relates to the use of internal breakers with a delayed activation. Another aspect of the invention relates to the use of precursors that release a breaking system such as alcohol by a process such as melting, slow dissolution, reaction with a compound present in the fluid or added to the fluid during or after the step of injecting, rupture of an encapsulating coating and de-adsorption of a breaking agent absorbed into solid particles. In another aspect of the invention, alcohols are included in a pad to reduce the low-shear viscosity and reduce the resistance to flow of the treatment fluids during a desired phase of the treatment.