摘要:
Provided is an interfacial polymerization process for preparation of a highly permeable thin film composite membrane, which can be used for nanofiltration, forward osmosis, or reverse osmosis, particularly for use with brackish water at low energy conditions. The process includes contacting a porous support membrane with an aqueous phase containing a polyamine and a flux enhancing combination of additives that includes a metal chelate additive containing a bidentate ligand and a metal atom or metal ion and a phosphoramide to form a coated support membrane, and applying an organic phase containing a polyfunctional acid halide to the coated support membrane to interfacially polymerize the polyamine and the polyfunctional acid halide to form a discrimination layer of the thin film composite membrane. Also provided are the membranes prepared by the methods and reverse osmosis modules containing the membranes.
摘要:
A method of treatment of liquid in a liquid treatment facility comprising at least one liquid treatment module employing at least one of reverse osmosis and nanofiltration membranes, the at least one module having a liquid inlet, a permeate outlet and a brine outlet; The method comprises (a) supplying liquid to be treated to the liquid treatment module through the liquid inlet; (b) providing at least some of the liquid from the brine outlet back to the liquid inlet; (c) monitoring liquid pressure within the at least one liquid treatment module; and (d) upon detecting that the liquid pressure exceeds a predetermined liquid pressure threshold, closing off circulation of liquid from the brine outlet back to the liquid inlet in order to reduce the liquid pressure in the at least one liquid treatment module and simultaneously performing at least one of the following: (i) reducing the liquid pressure at the brine outlet to a level above atmospheric pressure which exceeds osmotic pressure of the liquid in the at least one liquid treatment module; (ii) increasing liquid inlet at the liquid inlet using a designated liquid volume at times other than upon and immediately following the exceedance; (iii) equilibrating liquid pressures between a liquid pressure inside the at least one liquid treatment module and inside a liquid feed tank; and (iv) providing a pressure reducing backflow liquid path from the liquid inlet of the at least one liquid treatment module to bypasses a liquid pressure increasing pump upstream of the liquid inlet.
摘要:
A method of treatment of liquid in a liquid treatment facility comprising at least one liquid treatment module employing at least one of reverse osmosis and nanofiltration membranes, the at least one module having a liquid inlet, a permeate outlet and a brine outlet; The method comprises (a) supplying liquid to be treated to the liquid treatment module through the liquid inlet; (b) providing at least some of the liquid from the brine outlet back to the liquid inlet; (c) monitoring liquid pressure within the at least one liquid treatment module; and (d) upon detecting that the liquid pressure exceeds a predetermined liquid pressure threshold, closing off circulation of liquid from the brine outlet back to the liquid inlet in order to reduce the liquid pressure in the at least one liquid treatment module and simultaneously performing at least one of the following: (i) reducing the liquid pressure at the brine outlet to a level above atmospheric pressure which exceeds osmotic pressure of the liquid in the at least one liquid treatment module; (ii) increasing liquid inlet at the liquid inlet using a designated liquid volume at times other than upon and immediately following the exceedance; (iii) equilibrating liquid pressures between a liquid pressure inside the at least one liquid treatment module and inside a liquid feed tank; and (iv) providing a pressure reducing backflow liquid path from the liquid inlet of the at least one liquid treatment module to bypasses a liquid pressure increasing pump upstream of the liquid inlet.
摘要:
A cylinder arrangement for use with a reverse osmosis membrane array that receives pressurized fresh brine and generates fresh water and pressurized spent brine includes a hollow cylinder with an internal volume subdivided by a piston into two chambers. An arrangement of flow connections directs the pressurized spent brine to one chamber so as to act on the piston, thereby applying pressure to fresh brine within the other chamber for delivery to the reverse osmosis membrane array. The cylinder arrangement includes a pressure vessel enveloping substantially the entirety of the hollow cylinder, so as to define an enveloping volume in fluid flow communication with one of the chambers of the cylinder. Preferred implementations employ a pair of cylinders coaligned, and with their pistons interconnected by a common piston rod.
摘要:
A domestic waste water plant design to replace the Activated Sludge process uses modern biochemical engineering equipment and two continuous pure culture fermentations to produce three valuable by products. The first is an anaerobic digestion of cellulosic solids from the primary clarifier by methane producing obligate anaerobes gives fuel and organic fertilizer. The second produces algae or yeast for animal/fish feed by metabolizing organics, nitrogen and phosphorous in the filtered overflow of the clarifier by aerobic fermentation of a pure cultures in a side arm fermenter where filtrate is purged and cells are concentrated. The sterile filtrate is further filtered in a hollow fiber UF /RO unit to purify the microbe free water to drinking water standards and recycle it to the municipal water supply.
摘要:
Selective scaling in water treatment systems in which desalination is performed is generally described. According to certain embodiments, the location of the formation of solid scale within a water treatment system is controlled by adjusting one or more system parameters, such as the temperature and/or flow velocity of a saline stream within the water treatment system.
摘要翻译:一般描述在进行脱盐的水处理系统中的选择性定标。 根据某些实施方案,通过调节一个或多个系统参数(例如水处理系统内的盐水流的温度和/或流速)来控制水处理系统内的固体结垢形成的位置。 p >