Abstract:
Systems and methods for forming an encapsulated MEMS device include a hermetic seal which seals an insulating gas between two substrates, one of which supports the MEMS device. The hermetic seal may be formed by heating at least two metal layers, in order to melt at least one of the metal layers. The first melted metal material flows into and forms an alloy with a second metal material, forming a hermetic seal which encapsulates the MEMS device.
Abstract:
A contact electrode for a device is made using an etching process to etch the surface of the contact electrode to form a corrugated contact surface wherein the outer edges of at least one grain is recessed from the outer edges of adjecent grains and is recessed by at least about 0.05 µm from the contact plane. By having such a corrugated surface, the contact electrode is likely to contact another conductor with at least one pure metal grain. This etching treatment reduces contact resistance and contact resistance variability throughout many cycles of use of the contact electrode.
Abstract:
A static screen used upstream of a membrane assembly within a water treatment system has a screening surface with a number of openings distributed over its area. Liquid flows through the screening surface to reach the membrane assembly. Various shapes of screening surfaces are described including three-dimensional bodies with openings at or near their lower ends. Methods for cleaning the screen are described including aeration, backwashing and lowering down the water level in an upstream section by partially or completely draining a tank. Various treatment systems or process designs incorporating the screen are described. Screen elements may be made in two or more parts comprising a supporting structure and a separation layer and may be mounted on a conduit or pan.
Abstract:
A material for forming a conductive structure for a MEMS device is described, which is an alloy containing about 0.01% manganese and the remainder nickel. Data shows that the alloy possesses advantageous mechanical and electrical properties. In particular, the sheet resistance of the alloy is actually lower than the sheet resistance of the pure metal. In addition, the alloy may have superior creep and higher recrystallization temperature than the pure metal. It is hypothesized that these advantageous material properties are a result of the larger grain structure existing in the NiMn alloy film compared to the pure nickel metal film. These properties may make the alloy appropriate for applications such as MEMS thermal electrical switches for telecommunications applications.
Abstract:
A liquid treatment plant has sets of membrane trains and processing trains with flow between them through channels. Means of withdrawing permeate and sludge from the trains are described. Cyclic aeration is provided to the membrane trains. Methods of foam control, backwashing and chemical cleaning are described. Single membrane trains or process trains may be isolated for various functions. An isolated membrane train may be used to thicken sludge.
Abstract:
A micromechanical particle sorting system uses a removable/disposable apparatus which may include a compressible device, a filter apparatus and a cell sorter chip assembly. The chip assembly may include a tubing strain relief manifold and a microfabricated cell sorting chip. The chip assembly may be detachable from the filter apparatus in order to mount the MEMS particle sorting chip adjacent to a force- generating apparatus which resides with the particle sorting system. A disturbance device installed in the particle sorting system may interact with a transducer on the removable/disposable apparatus to reduce clogging of the flow through the system. Using this removable/disposable apparatus, when the sample is changed, the entire apparatus can be thrown away with minimal expense and system down time.
Abstract:
A static screen used upstream of a membrane assembly within a water treatment system has a screening surface with a number of openings distributed over its area. Liquid flows through the screening surface to reach the membrane assembly. Various shapes of screening surfaces are described including three-dimensional bodies with openings at or near their lower ends. Methods for cleaning the screen are described including aeration, backwashing and lowering down the water level in an upstream section by partially or completely draining a tank. Various treatment systems or process designs incorporating the screen are described. Screen elements may be made in two or more parts comprising a supporting structure and a separation layer and may be mounted on a conduit or pan.
Abstract:
Systems and methods for forming an encapsulated MEMS device include a hermetic seal which seals an insulating gas between two substrates, one of which supports the MEMS device. The hermetic seal may be formed by heating at least two metal layers, in order to melt at least one of the metal layers. The first melted metal material flows into and forms an alloy with a second metal material, forming a hermetic seal which encapsulates the MEMS device.
Abstract:
An electronic apparatus uses a single crystalline silicon substrate disposed adjacent to a flexible substrate. The electronic apparatus may be a flexible flat panel display, or a flexible printed circuit board. The flexible substrate can be made from polymer, plastic, paper, flexible glass, and stainless steel. The flexible substrate is bonded to the single crystalline substrate using an ion implantation process. The ion implantation process involves the use of a noble gas such as hydrogen, helium, xenon, and krypton. A plurality of semiconductor devices are formed on the single crystalline silicon substrate. The semiconductor devices may be thin film transistors for the flat panel display, or active and passive components for the electronic device.
Abstract:
A static screen used upstream of a membrane assembly within a water treatment system has a screening surface with a number of openings distributed over its area. Liquid flows through the screening surface to reach the membrane assembly. Various shapes of screening surfaces are described including undulating panels and geometric shapes. Methods for cleaning the screen are described including aeration and backwashing. Various treatment systems or process designs incorporating the screen are described.