Abstract:
The invention discloses a method for producing bio-fuel (BF) from a high-viscosity biomass using thermo-chemical conversion of the biomass in a production line (10) with pumping means (PM), heating means (HM) and cooling means (CM). The method has the steps of 1) operating the pumping means, the heating means and the cooling means so that the production line is under supercritical fluid conditions (SCF) to induce biomass conversion in a conversion zone (CZ) within the production line, and 2) operating the pumping means so that at least part of the production line is in an oscillatory flow (OF) mode. The invention is advantageous for providing an improved method for producing biofuel from a high-viscosity biomass. This is performed by an advantageous combination of two operating modes: supercritical fluid (SCF) conditions and oscillatory flow (OF).
Abstract:
Various biomass reactors systems and methods of pyrolyzing biomass are disclosed. One type of biomass reactor system comprises a plurality of stacked biomass pyrolysis stations configured in series.
Abstract:
A method of making a fuel for a portable heater comprises heating a salt of iron with a carboxylic acid at a temperature from about 400oC to about 700oC under an inert or reducing atmosphere to produce a composite material comprising carbon and iron nanoparticles. The fuel may be mounted to a substrate, such as a mesh or foil, and incorporated into a self-heating packaging. Typically, the packaging comprises a wall defining a chamber that, in use, contains a substance to be heated, e.g. a foodstuff or liquid. A heating manifold in thermal communication with the chamber contains the fuel in the inert atmosphere to initially inhibit production of heat otherwise arising from substantial oxidation of substantially all the fuel in the manifold in an exothermic reaction. A vent in the manifold is initially sealed and air-tight, but selectively opening of the vent allows oxidation of the iron nanoparticles. The chamber is then heated by the transfer of heat from the fuel to the chamber, the transfer of heat being by at least one of direct thermal conduction through the wall, thermal convection or indirect thermal heating arising from heating of a fluid medium that is introduced into the chamber.
Abstract:
A process for the recycling of organic waste materials, particularly waste plastics materials comprising a stage of pyrolysing the materials and a stage of converting the gaseous pyrolysis products into carbon nanotubes, in which conversion into nanotubes takes place through vapour phase chemical deposition in an inert gas with the help of an organometallic catalyst, particularly ferrocene, is described. The process therefore makes it possible to convert pyrolysis products which also comprise hydrocarbons of a toxic and harmful nature that would otherwise have to be removed in conventional treatments for recycling plastics materials by pyrolysis into a raw material of high value (nanotubes).
Abstract:
The present disclosure provides methods for producing carbon and a net hydrogen liquid fuel from a carbon donor substance and a hydrogen donor substance.
Abstract:
A method of making a fuel for a portable heater comprises heating a salt of iron with a carboxylic acid at a temperature from about 400 o C to about 700 o C under an inert or reducing atmosphere to produce a composite material comprising carbon and iron nanoparticles. The fuel may be mounted to a substrate, such as a mesh or foil, and incorporated into a self-heating packaging. Typically, the packaging comprises a wall defining a chamber that, in use, contains a substance to be heated, e.g. a foodstuff or liquid. A heating manifold in thermal communication with the chamber contains the fuel in the inert atmosphere to initially inhibit production of heat otherwise arising from substantial oxidation of substantially all the fuel in the manifold in an exothermic reaction. A vent in the manifold is initially sealed and air-tight, but selectively opening of the vent allows oxidation of the iron nanoparticles. The chamber is then heated by the transfer of heat from the fuel to the chamber, the transfer of heat being by at least one of direct thermal conduction through the wall, thermal convection or indirect thermal heating arising from heating of a fluid medium that is introduced into the chamber.
Abstract:
Die Erfindung betrifft ein Verfahren zur Aufarbeitung des bei der Carbochlorierung von titanhaltigen Rohstoffen anfallenden, im Wesentlichen aus Titandioxid, Koks und weiteren inerten Metalloxiden wie Siliciumdioxid bestehenden Zyklonstaubs und zur Rückführung einer koksreichen und/oder einer TiO 2 -reichen Fraktion in den Chlorierungsreaktor. Die Aufarbeitung des Zyklonstaubs umfasst folgende Verfahrensschritte: a) Bereitstellen einer wässrigen Suspension des Zyklonstaubs, b) Abtrennen einer koksreichen Fraktion (1) aus der Suspension durch Flotation, c) Zugabe von Flusssäure in die verbleibende Suspension, d) Abtrennen einer TiO 2 -reichen Fraktion (2) durch Flotation. In einem Schritt e) können die Fraktionen (1) und (2) entwässert und ggf. getrocknet werden. Die Koks-Fraktion kann in den Chlorierungsreaktor rückgeführt werden oder als Brennstoff Verwendung finden. Die TiO 2 -reiche Fraktion wird bevorzugt mit Alkalichlorid, insbesondere NaCI agglomeriert, bei mindestens 800 °C thermisch behandelt und in den Chlorierungsreaktor rückgeführt.
Abstract:
본 발명은 액상의 화석연료를 기화시킨 연료와 물 전기분해가스를 혼합한 조성 연료에 관한 것으로서, 더욱 구체적으로는 화석연료 중에서 정제된 화석연료인 가솔린 또는 디젤과 물 전기분해가스를 혼합한 조성 연료 및 이를 이용한 연소방법 및 이를 이용한 내연 기관(엔진 시스템)에 관한 것이다. 본 발명은 상기한 종래기술의 문제점 및 요구를 해결하기 위하여, 화석연료와 물 전기분해가스를 혼합한 혼합조성연료를 제공한다. 또한 본 발명에서 상기 화석연료는 석탄, 석유, 가솔린, 디젤 또는 등유인 것에 특징이 있는 혼합조성연료를 제공한다. 또한 본 발명은 물 전기분해가스를 생성하는 공정(제1공정), 가솔린 또는 디젤과 물 전기분해가스를 혼합기에서 혼합하여 혼합연료를 조성하는 공정(제2공정), 상기 혼합연료 조성 공정에서 조성된 가솔린 또는 디젤과 물 전기분해가스의 혼합연료를 엔진에 주입하여 연소시키는 공정(제3공정)을 포함하는 내연기관 연소방법을 제공한다. 또한 상기 가솔린 또는 디젤과 물 전기분해가스를 혼합기에서 혼합하는 비율은 가솔린 또는 디젤 100중량부에 물 전기분해가스 1~1,000 중량부 혼합하는 것을 특징으로 하는 내연기관 연소방법을 제공한다. 또한 본 발명은 가솔린 또는 디젤의 연료탱크(100), 물 전기분해가스 생성장치(200), 혼합기(300), 엔진(400)을 포함하여 이루어진 가솔린 또는 디젤과 물 전기분해가스의 혼합연료를 이용하는 내연기관을 제공한다.