Abstract:
Systems and methods for trusted integration of untrusted components. An example system includes at least three electrical components and voting (consensus) circuitry. The components have varied hierarchical implementations for providing common output given common input. The voting circuitry is configured to receive, as input, outputs from the components and provide a consensus output that is a majority of the outputs received from the components. Such a diversity of multiple untrusted system components (hardware and/or software) engaged in redundant operation can be integrated to as a consensus-based trusted system with a high degree of fault tolerance to unforeseen environmental interference, cyberattack, supply chain counterfeit, inserted Trojan logic, or component design flaws. The degree of fault tolerance can be increased by increasing the degree of diversity of redundant operational nodes or by increasing the number of diversely implemented operational nodes.
Abstract:
Un compteur analogique comprend, pour au moins un étage : - une entrée (ei; e2) destinée à recevoir des impulsions électriques; - des moyens (20 1 ; 2O 2 ) pour modifier par incréments ou décréments successifs une tension de stockage (V 1 ; V 2 ) à chaque impulsion reçue; - des moyens de réinitialisation (24 1 ; 24 2 ) de la tension de stockage; - un comparateur (22 1 ; 22 2 ) de la tension de stockage ( Un compteur analogique comprend, pour au moins un étage : - une entrée (ei; e2) destinée à recevoir des impulsions électriques; - des moyens (20 1 ; 2O 2 ) pour modifier par incréments ou décréments successifs une tension de stockage (V 1 ; V 2 ) à chaque impulsion reçue; - des moyens de réinitialisation (24 1 ; 24 2 ) de la tension de stockage; - un comparateur (22 1 ; 22 2 ) de la tension de stockage (V 1 ; V 2 ) à un seuil apte à générer une information de dépassement (S 1 ; S 2 ); et - des moyens de commande (24 1 ; 24 2 ) aptes à commander les moyens de réinitialisation à réception de l'information de dépassement (S 1 ; S 2 ) du comparateur (22 1 ; 22 2 ) et d'une impulsion en entrée (e 1 ; e 2 ).
Abstract:
Circuits and methods for determining a majority vote from a plurality of inputs. An example circuit includes a voting input stage, a transfer stage, and an accumulating stage. The voting input stage includes at least three input switched capacitors. The transfer stage includes transfer switched capacitors corresponding to the input switched capacitors. The transfer switched capacitors charge a voting capacitor corresponding to each input switched capacitor during a state of a clock signal. The accumulating stage includes accumulating switched capacitors connecting the voting capacitors in series. The accumulating switched capacitors cause the charges of the voting capacitors to be accumulated during an alternate state of the clock signal. The accumulated charge of the voting capacitors represents a majority vote of the input switched capacitors.
Abstract:
A micro-electromechanical system (MEMS) frequency divider apparatus having one or more MEMS resonators on a substrate is presented. A first oscillator frequency, as an approximate multiple of the parametric oscillation frequency, is capacitively coupled from a very closely-spaced electrode (e.g., 40 nm) to a resonant structure of the first oscillator, thus inducing mechanical oscillation. This mechanical oscillation can be coupled through additional MEMS resonators on the substrate. The mechanical resonance is then converted, in at least one of the MEMS resonators, by capacitive coupling back to an electrical signal which is a division of the first oscillation frequency. Output may be generated as a single ended output, or in response to a differential signal between two output electrodes.
Abstract:
A micro-electromechanical system (MEMS) frequency divider apparatus having one or more MEMS resonators on a substrate is presented. A first oscillator frequency, as an approximate multiple of the parametric oscillation frequency, is capacitively coupled from a very closely-spaced electrode (e.g., 40 nm) to a resonant structure of the first oscillator, thus inducing mechanical oscillation. This mechanical oscillation can be coupled through additional MEMS resonators on the substrate. The mechanical resonance is then converted, in at least one of the MEMS resonators, by capacitive coupling back to an electrical signal which is a division of the first oscillation frequency. Output may be generated as a single ended output, or in response to a differential signal between two output electrodes.
Abstract:
A spread-spectrum clock generation circuit comprises at least one comparison element; at least one charge storage device arranged to couple an output of the at least one comparison element to an input of the at least one comparison element and arranged to set a first oscillation frequency of the spread-spectrum clock generation circuit; and a switched charge storage arrangement additionally arranged to couple an output of the at least one comparison element to an input of the at least one comparison element and arranged to set a second oscillation frequency of the spread-spectrum clock generation circuit.