摘要:
Method for using a pendulum viscometer having damped torsional oscillations, in a laboratory catalytic fluid-bed reactor, to monitor a propensity to stick which is exhibited by certain supported catalysts. A fluid-bed of such catalysts has been found to become suddenly more stikky just before a point at which a change in pressure drop across the fluid-bed can be measured due to a process "upset". At this point ("the inversion point"), the upset is usually irremediable. The method includes correlating data on catalyst stickiness from a laboratory reactor operating at atmospheric pressure, with an expected level of catalyst stickiness in a commercial reactor operating at elevated pressure. A pendulum viscometer and related auxiliary apparatus is disclosed for magnetically and electrically measuring and recording the rate at which the pendulum's torsional oscillations are damped. Frequent measurements are made during normal operation of the fluid-bed to determine its stickiness (as evidenced by the rate at which the pendulum's torsional oscillations are damped) relative to the stickiness at the inversion point. Operation of the fluid-bed under conditions for which measured rates of damping are predeterminedly lower than the rate near the inversion point, assures operation of the fluid-bed reactor at maximum efficiency.
摘要:
Methods and systems for real time, in situ monitoring of fluids, and particularly the determination of both the energy content and contaminants in a gas or oil transmission facility, are provided. The system may include two separate scanning sources to scan two different, but overlapping, NIR ranges, or may involve two separate scans from a single scanning spectroscopy source. The first scan ranges from approximately 1550 nm up through 1800 nm and a second scan concurrently scans at a high resolution across a band from approximately 1560-1610 nm, the wavelength of interest for hydrogen sulfide. The second scan may provide very narrow (0.005 nm) step resolution at a higher power level over just the wavelength of interest for the contaminant. Spectroscopic optical data from the two scans, however obtained, is combined into an analytical processing module analyzes the multi-scan data to yield both energy content and contaminant quantitative data.
摘要:
The invention relates to a system (30) for continuously producing a liquid product (P) comprising at least two liquid components (k1, k2) that can be pumped, wherein the system comprises two storage tanks (1a, 1b) for each component (k1, k2), two mass-flow control circuits (2a, 2b) for the storage tanks (1a, 1b) for establishing a target mass flow of the component (k1, k2), a first line (9a) into which the components of the liquid product (P) are fed, a second line (9b) for feeding in carbon dioxide, and a filling tank (1c), wherein the first line (9a) feeds the liquid product (P) mixed with carbon dioxide into the filling tank (1c), wherein the storage tanks (1a, 1b) and the filling tank (1c) are designed as pressure vessels and are interconnected by means of at least one pressure equalization line (1) for establishing a pressure equalization between the storage tanks (1a, 1b) and the filling tank (1c).
摘要:
A system and method for monitoring and controlling operation of a disk refiner (32). The method regulates operation in response to a process variable (242) preferably in relation to a setpoint (256). The variable can be temperature, pressure, and/or stock consistency, refiner energy, or a variable based thereon. Volumetric flow rate of stock and/or the flow rate of dilution water can be regulated. Where temperature is used, it preferably is a temperature inside the refiner or adjacent the inlet or outlet. Where pressure is used, it preferably is a pressure inside the refiner or adjacent the refiner inlet (114a, 114b) or outlet. Stock consistency can be determined using a sensor (70) upstream or downstream of the refiner or using a sensed parameter in the refiner.
摘要:
A method and apparatus for real time gas analysis involving determining individual concentrations of fluid constituents in a mixture of known constituents by measuring properties of such mixture via sensor array and solving a set of equations relating the individual gas concentrations to the measured properties of the mixture, for the unknown individual gas concentrations or identities. The individual concentrations of four gases in a mixture are determined by: passing the mixture through a flowmeter (65), capillary (71), orifice (72) or sonic oscillator (76); transducing temperature (69), pressure (73, 74) and acoustic frequency measurements taken from the sensors; determining density (72), viscosity (71) and specific heat (76) of the mixture; forming three equations which respectively relate these three properties to individual gas concentrations; then solving the three equations under a condition requiring the sum of the concentrations to equal unity for the four unknown individual gas concentrations. A single oscillator can serve as both a sensor (flowmeter, acoustic velocimeter) and orifice.
摘要:
A method of controlling a continuous multi-component slurrying process at an oil or gas well comprises continuously flowing substances for creating a slurry in response to a slurry flow rate factor and continuously flowing another substance for the slurry in response to a flow rate of at least a predetermined one of the other substances or the slurry itself. The method can include density control, slurry (tub) level control, and a combination of such controls. The method can operate in either closed loop or open loop manner, and control can be effected with either of two types of control signals depending on whether the controlled device is an integrating or non-integrating type. The method can also provide for bumpless transition between manual and automatic control.
摘要:
Process and apparatus for on-line determination and control of the Flow Behavior Index of a molten polymer stream are disclosed along with methods for using the Index as a means for monitoring and controlling polymer quality. In particular, the Index may be used to monitor and control on-line the levels of branching in the polymer and the polymer's molecular weight distribution.
摘要:
Process and apparatus for on-line determination and control of the Flow Behavior Index of a molten polymer stream are disclosed along with methods for using the Index as a means for monitoring and controlling polymer quality. In particular, the Index may be used to monitor and control on-line the levels of branching in the polymer and the polymer's molecular weight distribution.