公开(公告)号：US08037852B2

公开(公告)日：2011-10-18

申请号：US12804426

申请日：2010-07-20

申请人： Roderick A. Hyde ,  William H. Gates, III ,  Muriel Y. Ishikawa ,  Jordin T. Kare ,  Nathan P. Myhrvold ,  Clarence T. Tegreene ,  Thomas A. Weaver ,  Charles Whitmer ,  Lowell L. Wood, Jr. ,  Victoria Y. H. Wood

发明人： Roderick A. Hyde ,  William H. Gates, III ,  Muriel Y. Ishikawa ,  Jordin T. Kare ,  Nathan P. Myhrvold ,  Clarence T. Tegreene ,  Thomas A. Weaver ,  Charles Whitmer ,  Lowell L. Wood, Jr. ,  Victoria Y. H. Wood

IPC分类号： F02B71/00

CPC分类号： H02K7/1884 ,  B60L7/14 ,  B60L11/005 ,  B60L11/14 ,  B60L15/2009 ,  B60L2210/40 ,  B60L2220/12 ,  B60L2220/14 ,  B60L2240/12 ,  B60L2240/14 ,  B60L2240/36 ,  B60L2240/421 ,  B60L2240/429 ,  B60L2240/441 ,  B60L2240/642 ,  B60L2240/662 ,  B60L2270/12 ,  F02B63/04 ,  F02B63/041 ,  Y02T10/641 ,  Y02T10/645 ,  Y02T10/70 ,  Y02T10/7022 ,  Y02T10/7077 ,  Y02T10/7241 ,  Y02T10/7275 ,  Y02T10/7291 ,  Y02T90/16

摘要： Methods of operating an internal combustion engine are disclosed that may include a first piston slidably disposed in a first cylinder having a first and a second closed end, and a first converter operable with the first cylinder. The first converter may be configured to convert mechanical energy to electrical energy, and vice versa. As a non-limiting example, such disclosed embodiments may be used to convert mechanical energy of the first piston to electrical energy during a power stroke, and to drive the first piston during one or more of an exhaust stroke, an intake stroke, or a compression stroke.

摘要翻译： 公开了操作内燃机的方法，其可以包括可滑动地设置在具有第一和第二封闭端的第一气缸中的第一活塞和可与第一气缸一起操作的第一转换器。 第一转换器可以被配置为将机械能转换成电能，反之亦然。 作为非限制性示例，这样公开的实施例可以用于在功率冲程期间将第一活塞的机械能转换为电能，并且在排气冲程，进气冲程或者排气冲程中的一个或多个期间驱动第一活塞 压缩冲程。

公开(公告)号：US07950356B2

公开(公告)日：2011-05-31

申请号：US11973640

申请日：2007-10-09

申请人： Roderick A. Hyde ,  William H. Gates, III ,  Muriel Y. Ishikawa ,  Jordin T. Kare ,  Nathan P. Myhrvold ,  Clarence T. Tegreene ,  Thomas A. Weaver ,  Charles Whitmer ,  Lowell L. Wood, Jr. ,  Victoria Y. H. Wood

发明人： Roderick A. Hyde ,  William H. Gates, III ,  Muriel Y. Ishikawa ,  Jordin T. Kare ,  Nathan P. Myhrvold ,  Clarence T. Tegreene ,  Thomas A. Weaver ,  Charles Whitmer ,  Lowell L. Wood, Jr. ,  Victoria Y. H. Wood

IPC分类号： F02B71/00

CPC分类号： F02B63/04 ,  F02B63/041 ,  F02B71/04 ,  F02B75/021 ,  F02B75/04 ,  F02B75/042 ,  F02B75/048 ,  F02B75/28 ,  H02K7/1884 ,  H02K35/02

摘要： In an embodiment, an internal combustion engine includes a first cylinder having a first piston and a second piston slidably disposed therein, an intake port arranged to admit a reactant into the first cylinder between the first and second pistons, and an exhaust port axially spaced from the intake port and arranged to exhaust a reaction product from the first cylinder. First and second converters are provided, which are operable with the corresponding first and second pistons, to convert mechanical energy of the first and second pistons to electrical energy and electrical energy to mechanical energy. A control system is provided that is coupled to the first and second converters. The control system is configured to control the application of electrical energy to the first and second converters to selectively position the first and second pistons during specific strokes of the engine cycle.

摘要翻译： 在一个实施例中，内燃机包括具有第一活塞和可滑动地设置在其中的第二活塞的第一气缸，设置成允许反应物进入第一和第二活塞之间的第一气缸的进气口和与第一气缸轴向间隔开的排气口 所述进气口布置成从所述第一气缸排出反应产物。 提供第一和第二转换器，其可与相应的第一和第二活塞一起操作，以将第一和第二活塞的机械能转换为电能和电能至机械能。 提供了耦合到第一和第二转换器的控制系统。 控制系统被配置为控制对第一和第二转换器的电能的施加，以在发动机循环的特定冲程期间选择性地定位第一和第二活塞。

公开(公告)号：US08041005B2

公开(公告)日：2011-10-18

申请号：US11906161

申请日：2007-09-28

申请人： Edward S. Boyden ,  Roderick A. Hyde ,  Muriel Y. Ishikawa ,  Edward K. Y. Jung ,  Eric C. Leuthardt ,  Robert W. Lord ,  Nathan P. Myhrvold ,  Dennis J. Rivet ,  Michael A. Smith ,  Clarence T. Tegreene ,  Thomas A. Weaver ,  Charles Whitmer ,  Lowell L Wood, Jr. ,  Victoria Y. H. Wood

发明人： Edward S. Boyden ,  Roderick A. Hyde ,  Muriel Y. Ishikawa ,  Edward K. Y. Jung ,  Eric C. Leuthardt ,  Robert W. Lord ,  Nathan P. Myhrvold ,  Dennis J. Rivet ,  Michael A. Smith ,  Clarence T. Tegreene ,  Thomas A. Weaver ,  Charles Whitmer ,  Lowell L Wood, Jr. ,  Victoria Y. H. Wood

IPC分类号： G01N23/223

CPC分类号： G01N23/223 ,  G01N2223/076

摘要： One aspect relates to inducing at least one induced X-ray fluorescing photon within an at least some matter of an at least a portion of an at least one individual responsive to a substantial single input energy event based at least partially on an at least some input energy being applied to the at least some matter of the at least the portion of the at least one individual; and detecting the at least one induced X-ray fluorescing photon; and X-ray fluorescence visualizing, imaging, or information providing within the at least some matter of the at least the portion of the at least one individual responsive to the detecting the at least one induced X-ray fluorescing photon.

摘要翻译： 一个方面涉及至少部分地基于至少一些输入而在至少一个个体的至少一部分的至少一些物质内诱导至少一个诱导的X射线荧光光子，所述至少一个个体响应于基本的单个输入能量事件 能量被施加到至少一个个体的至少一部分的至少一些物质; 以及检测所述至少一个诱导的X射线荧光光子; 以及响应于检测所述至少一个诱导的X射线荧光光子，在所述至少一个个体的至少一部分的至少一些物质内提供X射线荧光可视化，成像或信息。

公开(公告)号：US07724867B2

公开(公告)日：2010-05-25

申请号：US11906135

申请日：2007-09-28

申请人： Edward S. Boyden ,  Roderick A. Hyde ,  Muriel Y. Ishikawa ,  Edward K. Y. Jung ,  Eric C. Leuthardt ,  Robert W. Lord ,  Nathan P. Myhrvold ,  Dennis J. Rivet ,  Michael A. Smith ,  Clarence T. Tegreene ,  Thomas A. Weaver ,  Charles Whitmer ,  Lowell L. Wood, Jr. ,  Victoria Y. H. Wood

发明人： Edward S. Boyden ,  Roderick A. Hyde ,  Muriel Y. Ishikawa ,  Edward K. Y. Jung ,  Eric C. Leuthardt ,  Robert W. Lord ,  Nathan P. Myhrvold ,  Dennis J. Rivet ,  Michael A. Smith ,  Clarence T. Tegreene ,  Thomas A. Weaver ,  Charles Whitmer ,  Lowell L. Wood, Jr. ,  Victoria Y. H. Wood

IPC分类号： G01N23/223

CPC分类号： A61B6/503 ,  A61B5/415 ,  A61B5/418 ,  A61B5/489 ,  A61B6/12 ,  A61B6/14 ,  A61B6/4021 ,  A61B6/4291 ,  A61B6/482 ,  A61B6/485 ,  A61B6/50 ,  A61B6/501 ,  A61B6/502 ,  A61B6/504 ,  A61B6/505 ,  A61B6/506 ,  A61B6/507 ,  A61B6/508 ,  A61B2503/40 ,  G01N23/223 ,  G01N2223/076

摘要： One aspect relates to detecting at least one induced X-ray fluorescing photon fluoresced from substantially within an at least some matter of an at least a portion of an at least one individual at least partially as a result of receiving at least one induced X-ray fluorescing photon generated at least partially within at least one X-ray fluorescence event within the at least some matter of the at least the portion of the at least one individual which has been generated responsive to an at least some input energy resulting from a single input energy event, wherein the at least one induced X-ray fluorescing photon that has passed through the at least some matter of the at least the portion of the at least one individual is at a level to substantially limit interference between the at least one induced X-ray fluorescing photon with an at least one other induced X-ray fluorescing photon that travel for distances greater than a prescribed limit through the at least some matter of the at least the portion of the at least one individual, wherein the at least one other induced X-ray fluorescing photon attenuates by a prescribed percentage after passing through the prescribed distance through the at least some matter of the at least the portion of the at least one individual.

摘要翻译： 一个方面涉及至少部分地检测至少一个感兴趣的X射线荧光光子，其基本上在至少一个个体的至少一部分的至少一些物质内发射，作为接收至少一个诱导X射线 至少部分地在至少一个X射线荧光事件中产生荧光光子，所述至少一个X射线荧光事件在所述至少一个个体的至少一部分中的至少一些物质中响应于由单个输入产生的至少一些输入能量而产生 能量事件，其中已经通过所述至少一个个体的至少一部分的至少一些物质的所述至少一个感兴趣的X射线荧光光子处于基本上限制所述至少一个诱导X 具有至少一个其它诱导的X射线荧光光子的荧光光子，其行进距离大于规定的极限，通过至少一些事件 所述至少一个个体的部分，其中所述至少一个其它诱导的X射线荧光光子在经过所述规定距离之后通过所述至少一个的所述至少一部分的所述至少一些物质衰减预定百分比 个人。

公开(公告)号：US07711089B2

公开(公告)日：2010-05-04

申请号：US11786776

申请日：2007-04-11

申请人： Edward S. Boyden ,  Glenn B. Foster ,  Roderick A. Hyde ,  Muriel Y. Ishikawa ,  Edward K. Y. Jung ,  Eric C. Leuthardt ,  Robert W. Lord ,  Nathan P. Myhrvold ,  Dennis J. Rivet ,  Michael A. Smith ,  Clarence T. Tegreene ,  Thomas A. Weaver ,  Charles Whitmer ,  Lowell L. Wood, Jr. ,  Victoria Y. H. Wood

发明人： Edward S. Boyden ,  Glenn B. Foster ,  Roderick A. Hyde ,  Muriel Y. Ishikawa ,  Edward K. Y. Jung ,  Eric C. Leuthardt ,  Robert W. Lord ,  Nathan P. Myhrvold ,  Dennis J. Rivet ,  Michael A. Smith ,  Clarence T. Tegreene ,  Thomas A. Weaver ,  Charles Whitmer ,  Lowell L. Wood, Jr. ,  Victoria Y. H. Wood

IPC分类号： G01N23/201

CPC分类号： G01N23/201

摘要： A visualization or imaging system involves inducing and/or detecting Compton scattered X-rays to provide information or a visual representation of a portion of an individual. In one approach, the Compton scattered X-rays are converted to a visible or detectible representations through scintillation.

摘要翻译： 可视化或成像系统包括诱导和/或检测康普顿散射的X射线以提供个体的一部分的信息或视觉表示。 在一种方法中，康普顿散射的X射线通过闪烁转换为可见或可检测的表示。

公开(公告)号：US07664224B2

公开(公告)日：2010-02-16

申请号：US12002287

申请日：2007-12-14

申请人： Edward S. Boyden ,  Roderick A. Hyde ,  Muriel Y. Ishikawa ,  Edward K. Y. Jung ,  Eric C. Leuthardt ,  Robert W. Lord ,  Nathan P. Myhrvold ,  Dennis J. Rivet ,  Michael A. Smith ,  Clarence T. Tegreene ,  Thomas A. Weaver ,  Charles Whitmer ,  Lowell L. Wood, Jr. ,  Victoria Y. H. Wood

发明人： Edward S. Boyden ,  Roderick A. Hyde ,  Muriel Y. Ishikawa ,  Edward K. Y. Jung ,  Eric C. Leuthardt ,  Robert W. Lord ,  Nathan P. Myhrvold ,  Dennis J. Rivet ,  Michael A. Smith ,  Clarence T. Tegreene ,  Thomas A. Weaver ,  Charles Whitmer ,  Lowell L. Wood, Jr. ,  Victoria Y. H. Wood

IPC分类号： G01N23/223

CPC分类号： G01N23/223 ,  G01N2223/076

摘要： One aspect can relate to detecting a presence of an at least one chemical, compound, or biological material contained in an at least some matter of an at least a portion of an at least one individual based at least partially on addition of an at least one chemical identifying additive to the at least some matter of the at least the portion of the at least one individual based at least partially on a generation of an at least one induced X-ray fluorescing photon within the at least one chemical identifying additive responsive to a single input energy event in which an at least some input energy is being applied proximal to the at least one chemical, compound, or biological material contained in the at least some matter of the at least the portion of the at least one individual.

摘要翻译： 一个方面可以涉及至少部分地基于添加至少一个个体的至少一个个体的至少一部分的至少一些物质中的至少一种化学，化合物或生物材料的存在来检测 至少部分地至少部分地基于在所述至少一种化学鉴定添加剂中产生至少一种诱导的X射线荧光光子的化学鉴定添加剂至少部分至少一部分物质的化学鉴定添加剂，其响应于 单输入能量事件，其中至少一些输入能量被施加在至少一个化学，化合物或生物材料的近端，该至少一种化学，化合物或生物材料包含在至少一个个体的至少一部分的该至少一些物质中。

公开(公告)号：US07653173B2

公开(公告)日：2010-01-26

申请号：US11906142

申请日：2007-09-28

申请人： Edward S. Boyden ,  Roderick A. Hyde ,  Muriel Y. Ishikawa ,  Edward K. Y. Jung ,  Eric C. Leuthardt ,  Robert W. Lord ,  Nathan P. Myhrvold ,  Dennis J. Rivet ,  Michael A. Smith ,  Clarence T. Tegreene ,  Thomas A. Weaver ,  Charles Whitmer ,  Lowell L. Wood, Jr. ,  Victoria Y. H. Wood

发明人： Edward S. Boyden ,  Roderick A. Hyde ,  Muriel Y. Ishikawa ,  Edward K. Y. Jung ,  Eric C. Leuthardt ,  Robert W. Lord ,  Nathan P. Myhrvold ,  Dennis J. Rivet ,  Michael A. Smith ,  Clarence T. Tegreene ,  Thomas A. Weaver ,  Charles Whitmer ,  Lowell L. Wood, Jr. ,  Victoria Y. H. Wood

IPC分类号： G01N23/223

CPC分类号： G01N23/223 ,  G01N2223/076

摘要： One aspect relates to deriving at least one first X-ray fluorescence visualization, image, or provided information substantially within an at least some matter of an at least a portion of an at least one individual at least partially as a result of directing an at least one first applied high energy photon and/or particle having an at least one first input energy towards the at least some matter of the at least the portion of the at least one individual. The aspect comprises deriving at least one second X-ray fluorescence visualization, image, or provided information substantially within the at least some matter of the at least the portion of the at least one individual at least partially as a result of directing an at least one second applied high energy photon and/or particle having an at least one second input energy toward the at least some matter of the at least the portion of the at least one individual. The aspect comprises deriving an at least one combined X-ray fluorescence visualization, combined image, or combined provided information at least partially by combining the at least one first X-ray fluorescence visualization, image, or provided information with the at least one second X-ray fluorescence visualization, image, or provided information.

摘要翻译： 一方面涉及至少部分地至少部分地导出至少一个第一X射线荧光可视化，图像或提供的信息，所述至少一个第一X射线荧光可视化，图像或提供的信息基本上在至少一个个体的至少一部分的至少一部分内， 首先将至少一个第一输入能量的高能光子和/或粒子应用于至少一个个体的至少一部分的至少一些物质。 该方面包括至少部分地至少部分地导出至少一个第二X射线荧光可视化，图像或提供的信息，所述至少一个第二X射线荧光可视化，图像或提供的信息基本上在所述至少一个个体的该至少一部分的至少一些事物内，作为指导至少一个 第二施加的高能量光子和/或具有至少一个第二输入能量的颗粒朝向至少一个个体的至少一部分的至少一些物质。 该方面包括至少部分地通过将至少一个第一X射线荧光可视化，图像或提供的信息与至少一个第二X射线荧光可视化，组合图像或组合提供的信息， 荧光可视化，图像或提供的信息。

公开(公告)号：US08041006B2

公开(公告)日：2011-10-18

申请号：US11888891

申请日：2007-08-01

申请人： Edward S. Boyden ,  Glenn B. Foster ,  Roderick A. Hyde ,  Muriel Y. Ishikawa ,  Edward K. Y. Jung ,  Eric C. Leuthardt ,  Robert W. Lord ,  Nathan P. Myhrvold ,  Dennis J. Rivet ,  Michael A. Smith ,  Clarence T. Tegreene ,  Thomas A. Weaver ,  Charles Whitmer ,  Lowell L. Wood, Jr. ,  Victoria Y. H. Wood

发明人： Edward S. Boyden ,  Glenn B. Foster ,  Roderick A. Hyde ,  Muriel Y. Ishikawa ,  Edward K. Y. Jung ,  Eric C. Leuthardt ,  Robert W. Lord ,  Nathan P. Myhrvold ,  Dennis J. Rivet ,  Michael A. Smith ,  Clarence T. Tegreene ,  Thomas A. Weaver ,  Charles Whitmer ,  Lowell L. Wood, Jr. ,  Victoria Y. H. Wood

IPC分类号： G01N23/201

CPC分类号： G01T1/161

摘要： One aspect relates to visualizing, imaging, or providing information at least partially through at least some matter of an at least a portion of an individual, based at least in part on Compton scattering to at least partially form scattered X-rays, the Compton scattering occurring primarily in the at least some matter of the at least the portion of the individual, wherein the visualizing, imaging, or providing information is at least partially performed by converting the scattered X-rays into an at least one scintillated viewable and/or visible light that is detectable by a user. Another aspect relates to Compton scattered X-ray based visualizing, imaging, or providing information of an at least some matter of an at least a portion of an at least one individual to allow the at least one individual and/or an untrained assistant to at least partially visualize, image, or provide information into the at least some matter of the at least the portion of the individual based at least partially on Compton scattered X-rays.

摘要翻译： 一个方面涉及至少部分地基于康普顿散射来至少部分地通过个体的至少一部分的至少一部分来可视化，成像或提供信息，以至少部分地形成散射X射线，康普顿散射 主要发生在个体的至少一部分的至少一些物质中，其中可视化，成像或提供信息至少部分地通过将散射的X射线转换成至少一个闪烁的可见和/或可见的 可由用户检测的光。 另一方面涉及康普顿分散的基于X射线的可视化，成像或提供至少一个至少一个个体的至少一部分的信息，以允许至少一个个体和/或未经训练的助理在 至少部分地基于康普顿散射的X射线部分地可视化，图像或将信息提供给个体至少部分的至少一部分。

公开(公告)号：US08000438B2

公开(公告)日：2011-08-16

申请号：US11906169

申请日：2007-09-28

申请人： Edward S. Boyden ,  Roderick A. Hyde ,  Muriel Y. Ishikawa ,  Edward K. Y. Jung ,  Eric C. Leuthardt ,  Robert W. Lord ,  Nathan P. Myhrvold ,  Dennis J. Rivet ,  Michael A. Smith ,  Clarence T. Tegreene ,  Thomas A. Weaver ,  Charles Whitmer ,  Lowell L. Wood, Jr. ,  Victoria Y. H. Wood

发明人： Edward S. Boyden ,  Roderick A. Hyde ,  Muriel Y. Ishikawa ,  Edward K. Y. Jung ,  Eric C. Leuthardt ,  Robert W. Lord ,  Nathan P. Myhrvold ,  Dennis J. Rivet ,  Michael A. Smith ,  Clarence T. Tegreene ,  Thomas A. Weaver ,  Charles Whitmer ,  Lowell L. Wood, Jr. ,  Victoria Y. H. Wood

IPC分类号： G01N23/223

CPC分类号： G01N23/223 ,  G01N2223/076

摘要： Certain embodiments of one aspect relates to inducing at least one induced X-ray fluorescing photon within an at least some matter of an at least a portion of an at least one individual responsive to an at least some input energy being applied to the at least some matter of the least the portion of the at least one individual. The aspect can include X-ray fluorescence visualizing, imaging, or information providing within the at least some matter of the least the portion of the at least one individual at least partially in response to the inducing at least one induced X-ray fluorescing photon within the at least some matter of the least the portion of the at least one individual. Certain embodiments of the aspect can include providing a substantial real time tool-based operation to the at least some matter of the least the portion of the at least one individual at least partially relying on the X-ray fluorescence visualizing, imaging, or information providing within the at least some matter of the least the portion of the at least one individual.

摘要翻译： 一个方面的某些实施方案涉及在至少一些输入能量的至少一些输入能量的至少一个的至少一部分内的至少一些物质内诱导至少一个诱导的X射线荧光光子，所述至少一些输入能量被施加到所述至少一些 至少一个人的至少一部分的事物。 所述方面可以包括至少部分响应于诱导至少一个诱导的X射线荧光光子的至少一个个体的至少一部分内的至少一些物质内的X射线荧光可视化，成像或信息提供 所述至少一个个体的至少一部分的至少一部分。 该方面的某些实施例可以包括至少部分地依赖于X射线荧光可视化，成像或提供信息的至少一个个体的至少一部分的至少一些物质提供基本实时的基于工具的操作 在至少一个个体的至少一部分内的至少一些事物内。

公开(公告)号：US07742567B2

公开(公告)日：2010-06-22

申请号：US11786759

申请日：2007-04-11

申请人： Edward S. Boyden ,  Roderick A. Hyde ,  Muriel Y. Ishikawa ,  Edward K. Y. Jung ,  Eric C. Leuthardt ,  Robert W. Lord ,  Nathan P. Myhrvold ,  Dennis J. Rivet ,  Michael A. Smith ,  Clarence T. Tegreene ,  Thomas A. Weaver ,  Charles Whitmer ,  Lowell L. Wood, Jr. ,  Victoria Y. H. Wood

发明人： Edward S. Boyden ,  Roderick A. Hyde ,  Muriel Y. Ishikawa ,  Edward K. Y. Jung ,  Eric C. Leuthardt ,  Robert W. Lord ,  Nathan P. Myhrvold ,  Dennis J. Rivet ,  Michael A. Smith ,  Clarence T. Tegreene ,  Thomas A. Weaver ,  Charles Whitmer ,  Lowell L. Wood, Jr. ,  Victoria Y. H. Wood

IPC分类号： G01N23/201

CPC分类号： A61B6/483 ,  A61B6/12 ,  A61B6/145 ,  A61B6/482 ,  A61B6/505 ,  A61B6/506 ,  A61B6/507 ,  A61B6/508 ,  A61B6/548 ,  A61B18/12 ,  A61B18/20 ,  A61N7/02

摘要： One aspect relates to locating an at least one scattering event at least partially within an at least some matter of an at least a portion of an individual at least partially by directing an at least one pulse-type applied X-ray at the at least some matter of the at least the portion of the individual to create an at least one corresponding pulse-type Compton scattered X-ray, wherein the locating the at least one scattering event is based at least in part on an at least one time of flight computation derived at least in part from a combination of an at least one applied duration and an at least one scattered duration, wherein the at least one applied duration corresponds to a time for the at least one pulse-type applied X-ray to reach the at least one scattering event within the at least some matter of the at least the portion of the individual, and further wherein the at least one scattered duration corresponds to a time for the at least one corresponding pulse-type Compton scattered X-ray to thereupon travel from the at least one scattering event within the at least some matter of the at least the portion of the individual to be detected.

摘要翻译： 一个方面涉及至少部分地至少部分地至少部分地位于个体的至少一部分内的至少一个散射事件，至少部分地通过将至少一个脉冲型施加的X射线引导到至少一些 该个体的至少一部分的物质以产生至少一个对应的脉冲型康普顿散射X射线，其中定位该至少一个散射事件至少部分地基于至少一次飞行时间计算 至少部分地来自至少一个施加持续时间和至少一个散射持续时间的组合，其中所述至少一个施加的持续时间对应于所述至少一个脉冲型施加的X射线到达所述时间的时间 在所述个体的至少一部分的至少一些物质内的至少一个散射事件，并且其中所述至少一个散射持续时间对应于所述至少一个对应的脉冲型康普顿散射的时间 X射线随后从至少一个待检测个体的该部分的至少一些物质内的至少一个散射事件行进。