摘要:
A battery includes an anode, a cathode, and a porous separator having a surface and percolating pores providing a porosity of from 20% to 80%. A passively impact resistant composite electrolyte includes an electrolyte and electrically non-conducting particles that enable shear thickening. The particles can have a polydispersity index of no greater than 0.1, an average particle size in a range of from 50 nm to 1 μm, and an absolute zeta potential of greater than ±40 mV. The shear thickening enabling particles can be from 10 wt. % to 40 wt. % of the total weight of the separator and shear thickening particles. Between 20-40 wt. % of the shear thickening enabling particles are located in the pores of the separator.
摘要:
A passively impact resistant composite electrolyte composition includes an electrolyte solvent, up to 6M of an electrolyte salt, and shear thickening ceramic particles having an outer surface. The shear thickening ceramic particles have an absolute zeta potential of greater than ±40 mV. The shear thickening ceramic particles have a polydispersity index of no greater than 0.1, and an average particle size of in a range of 50 nm to 1 um. The ceramic particles have bonded to the outer surface steric stabilizing polymers. The steric stabilizing polymers have a chain length of from 0.5 nm to 100 nm. A passively impact resistant laminated battery and a method of making the electrolyte composition are also disclosed.
摘要:
A passively impact resistant composite electrolyte composition includes an aprotic electrolyte solvent, from 0.5 to 6M of an electrolyte salt, and shear thickening particles having a polydispersity index of no greater than 0.1, an average particle size in a range of 50 nm to 1 um, and an absolute zeta potential of greater than ±40 mV. The shear thickening particles have thereon an electrochemical double layer. The composition further includes a stabilizing surfactant. The stabilizing surfactant includes a first portion for adsorbing to the particles, and a second portion that is absorbed in the solvent. The length of the surfactant from the first portion to the second portion is greater than twice the thickness of the electrochemical double layer. Batteries and electrochemical devices incorporating the electrolyte composition are disclosed. Methods of making the electrolyte composition and of operating a battery are also disclosed.
摘要:
A passively impact resistant composite electrolyte composition includes an electrolyte solvent, up to 6M of an electrolyte salt, and shear thickening ceramic particles having an outer surface. The shear thickening ceramic particles have an absolute zeta potential of greater than ±40 mV. The shear thickening ceramic particles have a polydispersity index of no greater than 0.1, and an average particle size of in a range of 50 nm to 1 um. The ceramic particles have bonded to the outer surface steric stabilizing polymers. The steric stabilizing polymers have a chain length of from 0.5 nm to 100 nm. A passively impact resistant laminated battery and a method of making the electrolyte composition are also disclosed.
摘要:
A passively impact resistant composite electrolyte composition includes an electrolyte solvent, up to 2M of an electrolyte salt, and shear thickening ceramic particles having a polydispersity index of no greater than 0.1, an average particle size of in a range of 50 nm to 1 μm, and an absolute zeta potential of greater than ±40 mV.
摘要:
A system and a method for characterizing a dielectric material are provided. The system and method generally include applying an excitation signal to electrodes on opposing sides of the dielectric material to evaluate a property of the dielectric material. The method can further include measuring the capacitive impedance across the dielectric material, and determining a variation in the capacitive impedance with respect to either or both of a time domain and a frequency domain. The measured property can include pore size and surface imperfections. The method can still further include modifying a processing parameter as the dielectric material is formed in response to the detected variations in the capacitive impedance, which can correspond to a non-uniformity in the dielectric material.
摘要:
A method for synthesizing catalyst beads of bulk transmission metal carbides, nitrides and phosphides is provided. The method includes providing an aqueous suspension of transition metal oxide particles in a gel forming base, dropping the suspension into an aqueous solution to form a gel bead matrix, heating the bead to remove the binder, and carburizing, nitriding or phosphiding the bead to form a transition metal carbide, nitride, or phosphide catalyst bead. The method can be tuned for control of porosity, mechanical strength, and dopant content of the beads. The produced catalyst beads are catalytically active, mechanically robust, and suitable for packed-bed reactor applications. The produced catalyst beads are suitable for biomass conversion, petrochemistry, petroleum refining, electrocatalysis, and other applications.