摘要:
Methods of assessing the ongoing kidney status in a subject afflicted with chronic renal failure (CRF) by detecting the quantity of Neutrophil Gelatinase-Associated Lipocalin (NGAL) in fluid samples over time is disclosed. NGAL is a small secreted polypeptide that is protease resistant and consequently readily detected in the urine and serum as a result of chronic renal tubule cell injury. Incremental increases in NGAL levels in CRF patients over a prolonged period of time are diagnostic of worsening kidney disease. This increase in NGAL precedes and correlates with other indicators of worsening CRF, such as increased serum creatinine, increased urine protein secretion, and lower glomerular filtration rate (GFR). Proper detection of worsening (or improving, if treatment has been instituted) renal status over time, confirmed by pre- and post-treatment NGAL levels in the patient, can aid the clinical practitioner in designing and/or maintaining a proper treatment regimen to slow or stop the progression of CRF.
摘要:
A method of assessing the ongoing kidney status of a mammal afflicted with or at risk of developing chronic renal injury or disease, including chronic renal failure (CRF) by detecting the quantity of Neutrophil Gelatinase-Associated Lipocalin (NGAL) in urine, serum or plasma samples at discrete time periods, as well as over time. Incremental increases in NGAL levels in CRF patients over a prolonged period of time are diagnostic of worsening kidney disease. This increase in NGAL precedes and correlates with other indicators of worsening chronic renal disease or CRF, such as increased serum creatinine, increased urine protein secretion, and lower glomerular filtration rate (GFR). Proper detection of worsening (or improving, if treatment has been instituted) renal status over time, confirmed by pre- and post-treatment NGAL levels in the patient, can aid the clinical practitioner in designing and/or maintaining a proper treatment regimen to slow or stop the progression of CRF.
摘要:
A charging apparatus includes a DC-DC converter for stepping down a charging input voltage, and a charging current controller having two input terminals and one output terminal. The input terminals receive a voltage based on a charging current drawn from a voltage stepped down by the DC-DC converter. The voltage at the output terminal serves as a control voltage for controlling the charging current drawn from the stepped-down voltage.
摘要:
An inverter apparatus is composed of a power MOSFET having a source/drain connected to an output terminal, and a gate drive circuit driving a gate of the power MOSFET. The gate drive circuit includes a discharging path connected with the gate of the power MOSFET. The discharging path includes a set of serially-connected diodes which are forward-connected in a direction of a discharge current from the gate of the power MOSFET.
摘要:
A disk drive apparatus according to the present invention includes a horizontal guide mechanism and a vertical guide mechanism, which are disposed between a frame (10) and a slider (60) for slidably guiding the slider (60). The horizontal guide mechanism includes an engaging piece (69b) disposed in at least one of the frame (10) and the slider (60) and an engaging hole (24a), which is disposed in the other and is engaged with the engaging piece (69b). One of the frame (10) and the slider (60), in which the engaging piece (69b) is formed, is made of a metallic sheet material while the engaging piece (69b) is formed by bending part of the metallic sheet material.Forming the engaging piece (69b) by bending part of the metallic sheet material in such a manner simplifies the structure of the disk drive apparatus according to the present invention so that the fabrication is facilitated, enabling fabricating cost to be reduced.
摘要:
In a fabrication method of semiconductor device, a storage node connected to one of source/drain regions of an MOS (Metal Oxide Semiconductor) transistor provided at a semiconductor substrate is formed along a trench provided through a silicon nitride film, a BPTEOS (Boro Phospho Tetra Ethyl Ortho Silicate) film and a silicon oxide film grown at low temperature. The silicon oxide film grown at low temperature is formed by either atmospheric pressure CVD (chemical vapor deposition) or plasma CVD. Also, a sidewall protection film is formed so as to prevent shorting between adjacent capacitors by growing a film at low temperature. Thus, a semiconductor device of high performance and high reliability can be provided even in a system LSI (Large Scale Integrated circuit) in which a memory circuit and logic circuit are embedded.
摘要:
On the photo mask are drawn product patterns and mask dimension inspection marks to be arranged around the respective product patterns. Each of the mask dimension inspection marks includes a line pattern having a width equal to a line width of the product pattern. Further, each of the mask dimension inspection marks includes a reference pattern that is disposed adjacent to the line pattern. A width of the mask dimension inspection mark is wider than that of the line pattern.
摘要:
A manufacturing method of a semiconductor device obtaining performances respectively required in a MOS transistor in semiconductor memories and a MOS transistor in logic devices even in case of manufacturing a system LSI combining the semiconductor memories with the logic devices. Forming silicide films 7 in a logic device region 11 makes it possible to reduce the resistivity of diffusion regions 9 and a conductive film 4 of polysilicon or the like that will serve as an electrode of a resulting MOS transistor. Therefore, the semiconductor devices can be manufactured in which such the MOS transistor can be used as the MOS transistor in the logic devices that is required to operate at high speed and the MOS transistor is also formed in a DRAM or the like where miniaturization is required. Since no alternation is made of the structures of the respective MOS transistors, a semiconductor device whose performance is equivalent to that of the conventional counterpart can be manufactured.
摘要:
A vertical MOS transistor includes an epitaxially formed channel between its lower source/drain region and upper source/drain region, with a gate electrode in a trench hat extends vertically through those regions. A process for forming the vertical MOS transistor implants the substrate to provide the lower source/drain region, then forms an epitaxial layer that provides the channel over the previously formed lower source/drain region. Then, the upper source/drain region is implanted above the lower source/drain A region and epitaxial channel layer, followed by formation of a vertical trench and polysilicon gate. Forming the epitaxial layer over a previously implanted lower source/drain region allows independent control of the resistivity of the lower source/drain region, such that it can have low resistivity, facilitating device symmetry. Also, the epitaxial channel layer has improved doping uniformity over diffusion type channel region, lowering channel length and increasing performance and yield. Finally, the source/drain regions may incorporate two separate dopants to provide an extended region that further minimizes the channel length while providing higher punch through voltage levels and retaining low resistivity.
摘要:
A method of localized control of integrated circuit parameters according to the present invention is used to adjust a the threshold voltage of an integrated circuit by irradiating an inoperable area with a focused ion beam such that the determination of the correct threshold voltage is facilitated without having to refabricate the integrated circuit in its entirety.