摘要:
A driving amount controller for reducing a response delay or erroneous deviation in control of a driving amount of a controlled system. The driving amount controller includes an ECU that increases an add-in amount to a duty ratio DUT of a control signal according to an increase in the speed variation ΔDTHR of a target opening DTRH of the throttle valve 16 when the speed variation ΔDTHR is positive. In addition, the ECU increases the add-in amount to the duty ratio DUT of the control signal according to a decrease in the speed variation ΔDTHR when the speed variation ΔDTHR is negative. A throttle valve on a vehicle is an example of the controlled system.
摘要:
The signal detecting circuit has a first amplifier which amplifies the supplied signals and outputs the amplified signals from first and second output terminals; a switch unit which supplies the signals to the first amplifier such that the polarity thereof is reversed between the first and second periods; a first capacitor, one end of which is connected to the first output terminal; a second capacitor, one end of which is connected to the second output terminal; a first switch, one end of which is connected to the other end of the second capacitor; a second amplifier having an inverting input terminal connected to the other end of the first capacitor, a non-inverting input terminal connected to the other end of the first switch, and an output terminal; a second switch which is connected to between the output terminal and the inverting input terminal, a third switch, one end of which is connected to the other end of the second capacitor; a fourth switch, one end of which is connected to the other end of the non-inverting input terminal; a threshold voltage source which is connected to between the other end of the third switch and the other end of the fourth switch; and a reference voltage source which is connected to either one of the other end of the third switch and the other end of the fourth switch. In the first period, the first switch is off, and the second to fourth switches are on; in the second period, the first switch is on, and the second to fourth switches are off.
摘要:
The reduction in real operation objects in game systems that use real operation objects is detected. The quantity of real operation objects, which are repeatedly used by being circulated, is detected, it is judged whether the quantity is sufficient or not, and the judging results are output. For example, in a ball throwing game, balls are used in rotation by repeatedly supplying and recovering the balls. The quantity of balls in circulation is detected, and if the quantity is less than a threshold value, the manager of the game system is notified whether a sufficient quantity of balls is being supplied to the player or not, by for example outputting a warning message. By playing with an insufficient quantity of balls the level of difficulty of the game is essentially increased, so the player will feel that this is unfair.
摘要:
A driving amount controller is provided for a vehicle. An ECU on the vehicle reduces a damping output Udamp when the deviation e between the target opening DTHR of the throttle valve and the actual opening DTH is near zero or when a switching function value σ is near zero. This makes it possible to reduce the damping output Udamp immediately after the start of, or immediately before the end of, the control of the opening of the throttle valve when the deviation e or the switching function value σ is near zero, and to realize a high response performance as to the control of the actual opening DTH of the throttle valve.
摘要:
There is provided a method of fabricating a thin-film solar cell including the steps of: irradiating a first laser light from a side of the substrate to remove the semiconductor and back surface electrode layers; and irradiating a second laser light from the side of the substrate to remove the transparent electrode, semiconductor and back surface electrode layers at a region outer than the region irradiated with the first laser light. There is provided a thin-film solar cell including a transparent electrode layer, a photoelectric conversion semiconductor layer and a back surface electrode layer deposited on a transparent insulator substrate in this order, wherein the solar cell has a perimeter with the transparent electrode layer protruding outer than the semiconductor and back surface electrode layers.
摘要:
This invention relates to highly reliable organic electroluminescent (EL) materials and devices exhibiting high luminance, high light emitting efficiency, minimal deterioration in light emission, usability at high temperature and good storage stability. The organic electroluminescent device of this invention has intermediate layers such as light emitting layer, hole transport layer, hole injection layer and the like arranged between the anode and the cathode and at least one of the intermediate layers comprises a triarylamine derivative represented by general formula (1) (wherein Ar1-Ar3 are substituted or unsubstituted aryl groups and at least one of Ar1-Ar3 is 9-phenanthryl group represented by general formula (2)); (wherein R1-R9 are H, halogen, alkyl group, aralkyl group, alkenyl group, cyano group, acyl group, alkoxycarbonyl group, alkoxy group or the like).
摘要:
A required fuel amount for an engine is calculated at a predetermined calculation cycle. A fuel injection amount to be injected from an upstream injection valve and a fuel injection amount to be injected from a downstream injection valve are then calculated. After fuel injection on the basis of the calculated fuel injection amounts, a lack of fuel delivered by the fuel injection amounts immediately before re-calculation of a required fuel amount at the calculation cycle until the end of an intake stroke (end of an intake valve opening period), is calculated by subtracting the fuel injection amounts from the re-calculated required fuel amount. The calculated lack of fuel amount is injected from the downstream injection valve during the intake stroke, e.g., in stages 6 and 7. A portion of a fuel injected from each of the fuel injection valves which has adhered on an inner wall of an intake pipe and subsequently released to be later supplied to the engine, is calculated in accordance with a predetermined adhesion ratio and a predetermined release ratio. The above lack of fuel amount is determined in consideration of the calculated portion of the fuel. The lack of fuel amount is additionally injected, e.g. a fuel correction amount, even during an engine transient state, and engine operability and fuel consumption are improved.
摘要:
A power unit including a motor is connected to a vehicle body frame. The vehicle body frame extends downward from a head pipe, and is provided with a pair of frames substantially parallel to the ground surface. A control unit receptacle case for driving the motor is fixed to span between the paired right and left frames. Batteries for the supply of electric power to the motor are mounted on the control unit. The control unit serves also as a bottom plate between the paired right and left frames and can carry batteries thereon. Therefore, the use of an additional frame or member for the mounting of batteries is not required, thus permitting a reduction in the vehicle body weight and the number of components used. Since the control unit closes the bottom of the main frame, the rigidity of the main frame is enhanced.