公开(公告)号：US08411822B2

公开(公告)日：2013-04-02

申请号：US13275909

申请日：2011-10-18

申请人： Robert J. Ledoux ,  William Bertozzi

发明人： Robert J. Ledoux ,  William Bertozzi

IPC分类号： G01N23/201

CPC分类号： G01N23/20 ,  G01N23/04 ,  G01N23/20083 ,  G01N23/201

摘要： Disclosed herein are methods and systems of scanning a target for potential threats using the energy spectra of photons scattered from the target to determine the spatial distributions of average atomic number and/or mass in the target. An exemplary method comprises: illuminating each of a plurality of voxels of the target with a photon beam; determining an incident flux upon each voxel; measuring the energy spectrum of photons scattered from the voxel; determining, using the energy spectrum, the average atomic number in the voxel; and determining the mass in the voxel using the incident flux, the average atomic number of the material in the voxel, the energy spectrum, and a scattering kernel corresponding to the voxel. An exemplary system may use threat detection heuristics to determine whether to trigger further action based upon the average atomic number and/or mass of the voxels.

公开(公告)号：US08041007B2

公开(公告)日：2011-10-18

申请号：US12578956

申请日：2009-10-14

申请人： Robert J. Ledoux ,  William Bertozzi

发明人： Robert J. Ledoux ,  William Bertozzi

IPC分类号： G01N23/201

CPC分类号： G01N23/20 ,  G01N23/04 ,  G01N23/20083 ,  G01N23/201

摘要： Disclosed herein are methods and systems of scanning a target for potential threats using the energy spectra of photons scattered from the target to determine the spatial distributions of average atomic number and/or mass in the target. An exemplary method comprises: illuminating each of a plurality of voxels of the target with a photon beam; determining an incident flux upon each voxel; measuring the energy spectrum of photons scattered from the voxel; determining, using the energy spectrum, the average atomic number in the voxel; and determining the mass in the voxel using the incident flux, the average atomic number of the material in the voxel, the energy spectrum, and a scattering kernel corresponding to the voxel. An exemplary system may use threat detection heuristics to determine whether to trigger further action based upon the average atomic number and/or mass of the voxels.

摘要翻译： 本文公开了使用从目标散射的光子的能谱对潜在威胁进行扫描的方法和系统，以确定目标中平均原子数和/或质量的空间分布。 一种示例性方法包括：用光子束照射目标的多个体素中的每一个; 确定每个体素的入射通量; 测量从体素散射的光子的能谱; 使用能谱确定体素中的平均原子数; 并且使用入射磁通量确定体素中的质量，体素中的材料的平均原子数，能谱和对应于体素的散射核。 示例性系统可以使用威胁检测启发式来确定是否基于体素的平均原子数和/或质量触发进一步的动作。

公开(公告)号：US08023618B2

公开(公告)日：2011-09-20

申请号：US12333505

申请日：2008-12-12

申请人： William Bertozzi ,  Robert J. Ledoux

发明人： William Bertozzi ,  Robert J. Ledoux

IPC分类号： G01N23/201 ,  G01N23/22

CPC分类号： G01N23/223 ,  G01N2223/076

摘要： The broadening of the lines in NRF from an isotope that is part of a material may be due to several causes: the temperature of the material, the molecular structure of the material and the crystalline structure of the material. By measuring the broadening caused by the molecular structure and the crystalline structure the material itself can be identified. The exact energy of the lines in NRF may also depend on the nature of the crystalline and molecular structure of the material. By measuring the changes in the energy of the NRF lines caused by the structure of the material the material itself may be identified. These techniques provide a “fingerprint” of the molecule or crystal that is involved. The fingerprint information may be used to determine a potential threat.

摘要翻译： 来自作为材料一部分的同位素的NRF中的线的扩展可能是由于几个原因：材料的温度，材料的分子结构和材料的晶体结构。 通过测量由分子结构和晶体结构引起的变宽，可以鉴定材料本身。 NRF中线的精确能量也可能取决于材料的结晶和分子结构的性质。 通过测量由材料结构引起的NRF线的能量变化，可以鉴定材料本身。 这些技术提供了涉及的分子或晶体的“指纹”。 指纹信息可用于确定潜在的威胁。

公开(公告)号：US20100027749A1

公开(公告)日：2010-02-04

申请号：US12578956

申请日：2009-10-14

申请人： Robert J. Ledoux ,  William Bertozzi

发明人： Robert J. Ledoux ,  William Bertozzi

IPC分类号： G01N23/201

CPC分类号： G01N23/20 ,  G01N23/04 ,  G01N23/20083 ,  G01N23/201

摘要： Disclosed herein are methods and systems of scanning a target for potential threats using the energy spectra of photons scattered from the target to determine the spatial distributions of average atomic number and/or mass in the target. An exemplary method comprises: illuminating each of a plurality of voxels of the target with a photon beam; determining an incident flux upon each voxel; measuring the energy spectrum of photons scattered from the voxel; determining, using the energy spectrum, the average atomic number in the voxel; and determining the mass in the voxel using the incident flux, the average atomic number of the material in the voxel, the energy spectrum, and a scattering kernel corresponding to the voxel. An exemplary system may use threat detection heuristics to determine whether to trigger further action based upon the average atomic number and/or mass of the voxels.

摘要翻译： 本文公开了使用从目标散射的光子的能谱对潜在威胁进行扫描的方法和系统，以确定目标中平均原子数和/或质量的空间分布。 一种示例性方法包括：用光子束照射目标的多个体素中的每一个; 确定每个体素的入射通量; 测量从体素散射的光子的能谱; 使用能谱确定体素中的平均原子数; 并且使用入射磁通量确定体素中的质量，体素中的材料的平均原子数，能谱和对应于体素的散射核。 示例性系统可以使用威胁检测启发式来确定是否基于体素的平均原子数和/或质量触发进一步的动作。

公开(公告)号：US20090091274A1

公开(公告)日：2009-04-09

申请号：US12247516

申请日：2008-10-08

申请人： William Bertozzi ,  Robert J. Ledoux

发明人： William Bertozzi ,  Robert J. Ledoux

IPC分类号： H05H11/00 ,  H05H7/00

CPC分类号： H05H11/00

摘要： A new concept is presented along with different embodiments to produce improved duty cycle of electron beams and multiple beams of different energy from WF, FFAG and other betatron and induction accelerators. These variations are achieved by using the induction core in both directions of induction core swing to accelerate beams in different magnetic guide regions to improve beam repetition rates and duty cycle. The beams may have different energies and intensities. Multiple guide field regions may be used with an induction core while the field is varying in one direction to also produce multiple beams, each differing in energy and intensity. The use of a single core allows improved duty cycle and multiple beams with a substantial increase in performance and reduction of cost in those cases where the induction core, associated power supplies and control are a significant fraction of the cost of such an accelerator.

摘要翻译： 与不同的实施例一起提出了一个新概念，以产生电子束和来自WF，FFAG和其他betatron和感应加速器的不同能量的多束的改进的占空比。 这些变化通过在感应磁芯摆动的两个方向上使用感应磁芯来加速不同导磁区域中的光束以提高光束重复率和占空比来实现。 光束可能具有不同的能量和强度。 多个引导区域可以与感应核一起使用，而场在一个方向上变化，以产生多个能量和强度不同的光束。 在感应核心，相关联的电源和控制是这种加速器的成本的很大一部分的情况下，使用单个核心允许改进的占空比和多个射束具有显着增加的性能和降低成本。

公开(公告)号：US07409042B2

公开(公告)日：2008-08-05

申请号：US11358969

申请日：2006-02-22

申请人： William Bertozzi ,  Robert J. Ledoux

发明人： William Bertozzi ,  Robert J. Ledoux

IPC分类号： G01N23/201

CPC分类号： G01N23/20066 ,  G01N23/223 ,  G01N2223/076

摘要： Methods and systems for detecting potential items of interest in target samples, using nuclear resonance fluorescence, utilize incident photon spectra that are narrower than traditional bremsstrahlung spectra but overlap nuclear resonances in elements of interest for purposes of detection, such as but not limited to the detection of threats in luggage or containers being scanned.

摘要翻译： 用于使用核共振荧光检测目标样品中的潜在目标项目的方法和系统利用比传统的bre致辐射谱更窄的入射光子光谱，但重叠感兴趣元素中的核共振用于检测目的，例如但不限于检测 正在扫描的行李或容器中的威胁。

公开(公告)号：US20130099801A1

公开(公告)日：2013-04-25

申请号：US13633434

申请日：2012-10-02

申请人： William Bertozzi ,  Robert J. Ledoux

发明人： William Bertozzi ,  Robert J. Ledoux

IPC分类号： G01R27/26

CPC分类号： G01R27/2611 ,  H05H7/00

摘要： Methods and apparatus are described wherein a charged beam in an enclosed conducting cavity in an accelerator is monitored for position, current, and energy. One method uses induced electric signals on non-intercepting conducting electrodes. Another method uses an intercepting and moving electrode than can be moved into the beam to different degrees to monitor the beam current and vertical profile at different radial positions. Non-intercepting electrodes are also used as part of a moving diagnostic probe to monitor properties of the beam at different radial positions. Another method uses the current in the leads to a power supply, a portion of this current being equal to the beam current. Another method uses the magnetic and electric fields from the beam that penetrates a non-conducting portion of the conducting cavity. Yet another method uses the radiation emitted during acceleration of the beam by the deflecting magnets that guide the beam.

公开(公告)号：US08280684B2

公开(公告)日：2012-10-02

申请号：US12351241

申请日：2009-01-09

申请人： William Bertozzi ,  Robert J. Ledoux

发明人： William Bertozzi ,  Robert J. Ledoux

IPC分类号： G06F11/30 ,  H01J23/00 ,  G01N27/00

CPC分类号： G01R27/2611 ,  H05H7/00

摘要： Methods and apparatus are described wherein a charged beam in an enclosed conducting cavity in an accelerator is monitored for position, current, and energy. One method uses induced electric signals on non-intercepting conducting electrodes. Another method uses an intercepting and moving electrode than can be moved into the beam to different degrees to monitor the beam current and vertical profile at different radial positions. Non-intercepting electrodes are also used as part of a moving diagnostic probe to monitor properties of the beam at different radial positions. Another method uses the current in the leads to a power supply, a portion of this current being equal to the beam current. Another method uses the magnetic and electric fields from the beam that penetrates a non-conducting portion of the conducting cavity. Yet another method uses the radiation emitted during acceleration of the beam by the deflecting magnets that guide the beam.

摘要翻译： 描述了在加速器中的封闭导电腔中的带电束被监视位置，电流和能量的方法和装置。 一种方法在非截止导电电极上使用感应电信号。 另一种方法使用截止和移动电极，可以将其移动到不同程度的光束中，以监测不同径向位置处的电流和垂直剖面。 不被拦截的电极也用作移动的诊断探头的一部分，以监测在不同径向位置处的梁的性质。 另一种方法使用导线中的电流供电，该电流的一部分等于束电流。 另一种方法使用来自光束的磁场和电场，其穿过导电腔的非导电部分。 另一种方法是使用引导光束的偏转磁体在光束加速期间发射的辐射。

公开(公告)号：US20120013274A1

公开(公告)日：2012-01-19

申请号：US13034931

申请日：2011-02-25

申请人： William Bertozzi ,  Wilbur Franklin ,  Carol Johnstone ,  Robert J. Ledoux

发明人： William Bertozzi ,  Wilbur Franklin ,  Carol Johnstone ,  Robert J. Ledoux

IPC分类号： H05H11/00 ,  G06F17/50 ,  G06F17/10

CPC分类号： H05H7/04 ,  G06F17/10 ,  G06F17/50 ,  H05H11/00 ,  H05H13/08 ,  H05H2007/043

摘要： A method is described wherein a beam of charged particles is confined to an orbit within a compact region of space as it is accelerated across a wide range of energies. This confinement is achieved using a non-scaling magnetic field based on the Fixed Alternating Gradient principle where the field strength includes non-linear components. Examples of magnet configurations designed using this method are disclosed.

摘要翻译： 描述了一种方法，其中当在多个能量范围内加速时，带电粒子束被限制在紧凑的空间区域内的轨道上。 这种限制是使用基于固定交替梯度原理的非定标磁场实现的，其中场强包括非线性分量。 公开了使用该方法设计的磁体配置的示例。

公开(公告)号：US20110164732A1

公开(公告)日：2011-07-07

申请号：US12958006

申请日：2010-12-01

申请人： William Bertozzi ,  Robert J. Ledoux

发明人： William Bertozzi ,  Robert J. Ledoux

IPC分类号： G01N23/201

CPC分类号： G01N23/046 ,  G01N23/05 ,  G01N2223/419

摘要： The transmission of photons through a target produces “holes” in the transmitted energy spectrum that are characteristic of the NRF energies of the nuclear isotopes in the target. Measuring the absorption via the transmission of these photons through a target allows the production of tomographic images that are associated with specific nuclear isotopes. Thus three-dimensional density patterns are generated for the elements in a container. The process is very much like standard X-ray tomography but it identifies specific nuclear isotopes as well as their densities.

摘要翻译： 通过目标的光子传输产生的传播能谱中的“空穴”是目标中核同位素的NRF能量的特征。 通过这些光子通过目标的透射来测量吸收能够产生与特定核同位素相关联的断层图像。 因此，为容器中的元件生成三维密度图案。 该过程非常像标准X射线断层扫描，但它识别特定的核同位素及其密度。