公开(公告)号：US08149988B2

公开(公告)日：2012-04-03

申请号：US12731695

申请日：2010-03-25

申请人： William Bertozzi ,  Robert J. Ledoux

发明人： William Bertozzi ,  Robert J. Ledoux

IPC分类号： G01N23/04 ,  G01N23/201

CPC分类号： G01N23/20066 ,  G01N23/223 ,  G01N2223/076

摘要： Methods and systems for detecting potential items of interest in target samples, using nuclear resonance fluorescence, utilize incident photon spectra that are narrower than traditional bremsstrahlung spectra but overlap nuclear resonances in elements of interest for purposes of detection, such as but not limited to the detection of threats in luggage or containers being scanned.

摘要翻译： 用于使用核共振荧光检测目标样品中的潜在目标项目的方法和系统利用比传统的bre致辐射谱更窄的入射光子光谱，但重叠感兴趣元素中的核共振用于检测目的，例如但不限于检测 正在扫描的行李或容器中的威胁。

公开(公告)号：US08089224B2

公开(公告)日：2012-01-03

申请号：US12363401

申请日：2009-01-30

申请人： William Bertozzi ,  Robert J. Ledoux

发明人： William Bertozzi ,  Robert J. Ledoux

IPC分类号： H01J23/00

摘要： Methods are described wherein the signals from various sensors that monitor parameters such as beam position, beam intensity at each turn, number of turns, extracted current, extracted beam profile in space and energy are used to determine the effect of the variation of different parameters that control the operation of an accelerator. The diagnostic measurements and adjustments may be based upon measuring and evaluating parameters as a function of turn, and are part of an automated feedback loop for achieving the proper automated operation. The methods can be used to establish proper operating values for the accelerator parameters for optimum beam operation. By the use of feedback the operation of the accelerator can be automatically controlled in real time.

公开(公告)号：US20090196397A1

公开(公告)日：2009-08-06

申请号：US12344880

申请日：2008-12-29

申请人： William Bertozzi ,  Robert J. Ledoux

发明人： William Bertozzi ,  Robert J. Ledoux

IPC分类号： G01N23/201 ,  G01N23/06

CPC分类号： G01N23/046 ,  G01N2223/419 ,  G01N2223/5015 ,  G01N2223/639

摘要： The transmission of photons through a target produces “holes” in the transmitted energy spectrum that are characteristic of the NRF energies of the nuclear isotopes in the target. Measuring the absorption via the transmission of these photons through a target allows the production of tomographic images that are associated with specific nuclear isotopes. Thus three-dimensional density patterns are generated for the elements in a container. The process is very much like standard X-ray tomography but it identifies specific nuclear isotopes as well as their densities.

摘要翻译： 通过目标的光子传输产生的传播能谱中的“空穴”是目标中核同位素的NRF能量的特征。 通过这些光子通过目标的透射来测量吸收能够产生与特定核同位素相关联的断层图像。 因此，为容器中的元件生成三维密度图案。 该过程非常像标准X射线断层扫描，但它识别特定的核同位素及其密度。

公开(公告)号：US20090177440A1

公开(公告)日：2009-07-09

申请号：US12351241

申请日：2009-01-09

申请人： William Bertozzi ,  Robert J. Ledoux

发明人： William Bertozzi ,  Robert J. Ledoux

IPC分类号： G21C17/00

CPC分类号： G01R27/2611 ,  H05H7/00

摘要： Methods and apparatus are described wherein a charged beam in an enclosed conducting cavity in an accelerator is monitored for position, current, and energy. One method uses induced electric signals on non-intercepting conducting electrodes. Another method uses an intercepting and moving electrode than can be moved into the beam to different degrees to monitor the beam current and vertical profile at different radial positions. Non-intercepting electrodes are also used as part of a moving diagnostic probe to monitor properties of the beam at different radial positions. Another method uses the current in the leads to a power supply, a portion of this current being equal to the beam current. Another method uses the magnetic and electric fields from the beam that penetrates a non-conducting portion of the conducting cavity. Yet another method uses the radiation emitted during acceleration of the beam by the deflecting magnets that guide the beam.

摘要翻译： 描述了在加速器中的封闭导电腔中的带电束被监视位置，电流和能量的方法和装置。 一种方法在非截止导电电极上使用感应电信号。 另一种方法使用截止和移动电极，可以将其移动到不同程度的光束中，以监测不同径向位置处的电流和垂直剖面。 不被拦截的电极也用作移动的诊断探头的一部分，以监测在不同径向位置处的梁的性质。 另一种方法使用导线中的电流供电，该电流的一部分等于束电流。 另一种方法使用来自光束的磁场和电场，其穿过导电腔的非导电部分。 另一种方法是使用引导光束的偏转磁体在光束加速期间发射的辐射。

公开(公告)号：US20080179502A1

公开(公告)日：2008-07-31

申请号：US11854213

申请日：2007-09-12

申请人： Robert J. Ledoux ,  William Bertozzi

发明人： Robert J. Ledoux ,  William Bertozzi

IPC分类号： G01N21/17

CPC分类号： G01N23/20 ,  G01N23/04 ,  G01N23/20083 ,  G01N23/201

摘要： Disclosed herein are methods and systems of scanning a target for potential threats using the energy spectra of photons scattered from the target to determine the spatial distributions of average atomic number and/or mass in the target. An exemplary method comprises: illuminating each of a plurality of voxels of the target with a photon beam; determining an incident flux upon each voxel; measuring the energy spectrum of photons scattered from the voxel; determining, using the energy spectrum, the average atomic number in the voxel; and determining the mass in the voxel using the incident flux, the average atomic number of the material in the voxel, the energy spectrum, and a scattering kernel corresponding to the voxel. An exemplary system may use threat detection heuristics to determine whether to trigger further action based upon the average atomic number and/or mass of the voxels.

摘要翻译： 本文公开了使用从目标散射的光子的能谱对潜在威胁进行扫描的方法和系统，以确定目标中平均原子数和/或质量的空间分布。 一种示例性方法包括：用光子束照射目标的多个体素中的每一个; 确定每个体素的入射通量; 测量从体素散射的光子的能谱; 使用能谱确定体素中的平均原子数; 并且使用入射磁通量确定体素中的质量，体素中的材料的平均原子数，能谱和对应于体素的散射核。 示例性系统可以使用威胁检测启发式来确定是否基于体素的平均原子数和/或质量触发进一步的动作。

公开(公告)号：US07286638B2

公开(公告)日：2007-10-23

申请号：US11177758

申请日：2005-07-08

申请人： Robert J. Ledoux ,  William Bertozzi

发明人： Robert J. Ledoux ,  William Bertozzi

IPC分类号： G01N23/201

CPC分类号： G01N23/20 ,  G01N23/04 ,  G01N23/20083 ,  G01N23/201

摘要： Disclosed herein are methods and systems of scanning a target for potential threats using the energy spectra of photons scattered from the target to determine the spatial distributions of average atomic number and/or mass in the target. An exemplary method comprises: illuminating each of a plurality of voxels of the target with a photon beam; determining an incident flux upon each voxel; measuring the energy spectrum of photons scattered from the voxel; determining, using the energy spectrum, the average atomic number in the voxel; and determining the mass in the voxel using the incident flux, the average atomic number of the material in the voxel, the energy spectrum, and a scattering kernel corresponding to the voxel. An exemplary system may use threat detection heuristics to determine whether to trigger further action based upon the average atomic number and/or mass of the voxels.

摘要翻译： 本文公开了使用从目标散射的光子的能谱对潜在威胁进行扫描的方法和系统，以确定目标中平均原子数和/或质量的空间分布。 一种示例性方法包括：用光子束照射目标的多个体素中的每一个; 确定每个体素的入射通量; 测量从体素散射的光子的能谱; 使用能谱确定体素中的平均原子数; 并且使用入射磁通量确定体素中的质量，体素中的材料的平均原子数，能谱和对应于体素的散射核。 示例性系统可以使用威胁检测启发式来确定是否基于体素的平均原子数和/或质量触发进一步的动作。

公开(公告)号：US08411822B2

公开(公告)日：2013-04-02

申请号：US13275909

申请日：2011-10-18

申请人： Robert J. Ledoux ,  William Bertozzi

发明人： Robert J. Ledoux ,  William Bertozzi

IPC分类号： G01N23/201

CPC分类号： G01N23/20 ,  G01N23/04 ,  G01N23/20083 ,  G01N23/201

摘要： Disclosed herein are methods and systems of scanning a target for potential threats using the energy spectra of photons scattered from the target to determine the spatial distributions of average atomic number and/or mass in the target. An exemplary method comprises: illuminating each of a plurality of voxels of the target with a photon beam; determining an incident flux upon each voxel; measuring the energy spectrum of photons scattered from the voxel; determining, using the energy spectrum, the average atomic number in the voxel; and determining the mass in the voxel using the incident flux, the average atomic number of the material in the voxel, the energy spectrum, and a scattering kernel corresponding to the voxel. An exemplary system may use threat detection heuristics to determine whether to trigger further action based upon the average atomic number and/or mass of the voxels.

公开(公告)号：US08041007B2

公开(公告)日：2011-10-18

申请号：US12578956

申请日：2009-10-14

申请人： Robert J. Ledoux ,  William Bertozzi

发明人： Robert J. Ledoux ,  William Bertozzi

IPC分类号： G01N23/201

CPC分类号： G01N23/20 ,  G01N23/04 ,  G01N23/20083 ,  G01N23/201

摘要： Disclosed herein are methods and systems of scanning a target for potential threats using the energy spectra of photons scattered from the target to determine the spatial distributions of average atomic number and/or mass in the target. An exemplary method comprises: illuminating each of a plurality of voxels of the target with a photon beam; determining an incident flux upon each voxel; measuring the energy spectrum of photons scattered from the voxel; determining, using the energy spectrum, the average atomic number in the voxel; and determining the mass in the voxel using the incident flux, the average atomic number of the material in the voxel, the energy spectrum, and a scattering kernel corresponding to the voxel. An exemplary system may use threat detection heuristics to determine whether to trigger further action based upon the average atomic number and/or mass of the voxels.

摘要翻译： 本文公开了使用从目标散射的光子的能谱对潜在威胁进行扫描的方法和系统，以确定目标中平均原子数和/或质量的空间分布。 一种示例性方法包括：用光子束照射目标的多个体素中的每一个; 确定每个体素的入射通量; 测量从体素散射的光子的能谱; 使用能谱确定体素中的平均原子数; 并且使用入射磁通量确定体素中的质量，体素中的材料的平均原子数，能谱和对应于体素的散射核。 示例性系统可以使用威胁检测启发式来确定是否基于体素的平均原子数和/或质量触发进一步的动作。

公开(公告)号：US08023618B2

公开(公告)日：2011-09-20

申请号：US12333505

申请日：2008-12-12

申请人： William Bertozzi ,  Robert J. Ledoux

发明人： William Bertozzi ,  Robert J. Ledoux

IPC分类号： G01N23/201 ,  G01N23/22

CPC分类号： G01N23/223 ,  G01N2223/076

摘要： The broadening of the lines in NRF from an isotope that is part of a material may be due to several causes: the temperature of the material, the molecular structure of the material and the crystalline structure of the material. By measuring the broadening caused by the molecular structure and the crystalline structure the material itself can be identified. The exact energy of the lines in NRF may also depend on the nature of the crystalline and molecular structure of the material. By measuring the changes in the energy of the NRF lines caused by the structure of the material the material itself may be identified. These techniques provide a “fingerprint” of the molecule or crystal that is involved. The fingerprint information may be used to determine a potential threat.

摘要翻译： 来自作为材料一部分的同位素的NRF中的线的扩展可能是由于几个原因：材料的温度，材料的分子结构和材料的晶体结构。 通过测量由分子结构和晶体结构引起的变宽，可以鉴定材料本身。 NRF中线的精确能量也可能取决于材料的结晶和分子结构的性质。 通过测量由材料结构引起的NRF线的能量变化，可以鉴定材料本身。 这些技术提供了涉及的分子或晶体的“指纹”。 指纹信息可用于确定潜在的威胁。

公开(公告)号：US20100027749A1

公开(公告)日：2010-02-04

申请号：US12578956

申请日：2009-10-14

申请人： Robert J. Ledoux ,  William Bertozzi

发明人： Robert J. Ledoux ,  William Bertozzi

IPC分类号： G01N23/201

CPC分类号： G01N23/20 ,  G01N23/04 ,  G01N23/20083 ,  G01N23/201

摘要： Disclosed herein are methods and systems of scanning a target for potential threats using the energy spectra of photons scattered from the target to determine the spatial distributions of average atomic number and/or mass in the target. An exemplary method comprises: illuminating each of a plurality of voxels of the target with a photon beam; determining an incident flux upon each voxel; measuring the energy spectrum of photons scattered from the voxel; determining, using the energy spectrum, the average atomic number in the voxel; and determining the mass in the voxel using the incident flux, the average atomic number of the material in the voxel, the energy spectrum, and a scattering kernel corresponding to the voxel. An exemplary system may use threat detection heuristics to determine whether to trigger further action based upon the average atomic number and/or mass of the voxels.

摘要翻译： 本文公开了使用从目标散射的光子的能谱对潜在威胁进行扫描的方法和系统，以确定目标中平均原子数和/或质量的空间分布。 一种示例性方法包括：用光子束照射目标的多个体素中的每一个; 确定每个体素的入射通量; 测量从体素散射的光子的能谱; 使用能谱确定体素中的平均原子数; 并且使用入射磁通量确定体素中的质量，体素中的材料的平均原子数，能谱和对应于体素的散射核。 示例性系统可以使用威胁检测启发式来确定是否基于体素的平均原子数和/或质量触发进一步的动作。