公开(公告)号：US4367698A

公开(公告)日：1983-01-11

申请号：US181080

申请日：1980-08-25

申请人： Stephen F. Skala

发明人： Stephen F. Skala

IPC分类号： B01D33/00 ,  F02B1/04 ,  F02B43/10 ,  F02B75/02 ,  F02B75/04 ,  F02G1/043 ,  F02B75/12

CPC分类号： F02B75/04 ,  F02B43/10 ,  F02G1/0435 ,  F02B1/04 ,  F02B2043/106 ,  F02B2075/025 ,  F05C2225/08 ,  Y02T10/32 ,  Y10S123/12

摘要： Reactants having negligible activation energy react spontaneously and instantly upon contact to release heat. Such reactants are injected as colliding jets into a working fluid compressed in a combustion chamber of an internal combustion engine. The released heat causes the working fluid to expand against a movable member of the engine whereby mechanical energy is developed.Preferred reactants having negligible activation energy are an alkali metal with water and a preferred working fluid is air. The combustion chamber reaction occurs in two distinct steps: In the first step, the alkali metal and water react with negligible activation energy to evolve hydrogen. In the second step, the evolved hydrogen and working fluid oxygen react with substantial activation energy. Undesirable effects of the activation energy are reduced by the substantial portion of heat release occurring in the first step and by improved ignition of the hydrogen as it evolves. Such reduced effects of activation energy allow improved engine design and operation to include optimal compression, simple and efficient open chamber engine structures, and assured self starting upon injection of said reactants into an engine stopped in an expansion phase.

摘要翻译： 具有可忽略的活化能的反应物在接触时自发立即反应以释放热量。 这种反应物作为碰撞射流注入到在内燃机的燃烧室中被压缩的工作流体中。 释放的热使得工作流体相对于发动机的可移动构件膨胀，从而开发机械能。 具有可忽略的活化能的优选反应物是具有水的碱金属，优选的工作流体是空气。 燃烧室反应发生在两个不同的步骤中：在第一步中，碱金属和水与可忽略的活化能反应以产生氢。 在第二步中，演化的氢气和工作流体氧与基本的活化能反应。 通过在第一步骤中发生的大部分热释放以及通过在氢气逸出时改善其点燃来减少活化能的不期望的影响。 活化能的这种减少的效果允许改进的发动机设计和操作，以包括最佳压缩，简单和有效的开放式腔室发动机结构，以及在将所述反应物注射到在膨胀阶段中停止的发动机中时，确保自我启动。

公开(公告)号：US4338785A

公开(公告)日：1982-07-13

申请号：US081668

申请日：1979-10-04

申请人： Stephen F. Skala

发明人： Stephen F. Skala

IPC分类号： B01D33/00 ,  F02B1/04 ,  F02B75/02 ,  F02B75/04 ,  F02G1/043 ,  F01N3/02

CPC分类号： F02B75/04 ,  F02G1/0435 ,  F02B1/04 ,  F02B2043/106 ,  F02B2075/025 ,  F05C2225/08

摘要： In a system and process which forms reaction products particulates in an exhaust gas, a substantial portion of the reaction products are separated in a concentrated form by a first stage for delivery to a collector and reaction products remaining in the exhaust gas are separated by a final stage which incorporates the reaction products in one reactant. The reactant incorporating the reaction products subsequently reacts and repeatedly passes through the stages of separation thereby collecting substantially all of the reaction products in concentrated form by the first stage and providing a clean exhaust gas after the final stage without adding substantially to system weight or complexity. In the preferred embodiment of a vehicle system having an internal combustion engine based on a reaction of NaK with water in the presence of air, NaK hydroxide particulate reaction products are separated from a nitrogen exhaust gas in a first stage impingement separator, are accumulated in a final stage filter, and are dissolved by the water which subsequently reacts with NaK.

摘要翻译： 在形成废气中的反应产物颗粒的系统和方法中，大部分反应产物通过第一阶段以浓缩形式分离，用于输送到收集器，并且残留在废气中的反应产物被分离出最终 将反应产物并入一个反应物中的阶段。 包含反应产物的反应物随后反应并重复通过分离阶段，从而在第一阶段以浓缩形式收集基本上所有的反应产物，并且在最终阶段之后提供清洁的废气，而基本上不增加体系重量或复杂性。 在具有在空气存在下基于NaK与水的反应的内燃机的车辆系统的优选实施方案中，将NaK氢氧化物颗粒反应产物与第一级冲击分离器中的氮排气分离，积累在 最终级过滤器，并被随后与NaK反应的水溶解。

公开(公告)号：US4257556A

公开(公告)日：1981-03-24

申请号：US029568

申请日：1979-04-12

申请人： Stephen F. Skala

发明人： Stephen F. Skala

IPC分类号： F24H7/04 ,  F24H3/06

CPC分类号： F24H7/0433

摘要： Only a limited number of organic or silicone liquid phase thermal exchange fluid types are suitable for operation over a wide range of hot and cold temperatures and these have an undesirable property of degrading at high temperatures. It is accordingly desirable to subject the thermal exchange fluid to high temperature only to the extent and times required by users. The present invention includes intermittent users which occasionally are required to attain maximum working temperatures at which thermal degradation of thermal exchange fluid occurs at a significant rate and a hot reservoir at the minimum working temperature. A stable heat transfer fluid transfers heat from the hot reservoir to the degradable thermal exchange fluid through a common intermediate heat exchanger. The degradable thermal exchange fluid is heated to a temperature just sufficient to satisfy the maximum current setpoint temperature of the intermittent users by controlling circulation of the stable heat transfer fluid. Lifetime of the degradable thermal exchange fluid is thereby extended without compromising effective heating of the intermittent users.

摘要翻译： 只有有限数量的有机或有机硅液相热交换流体类型适用于在宽温度和低温范围内的操作，并且这些具有不希望的在高温下降解的特性。 因此，希望将热交换流体仅在用户所需的程度和时间内进行高温。 本发明包括间歇用户，其偶尔需要达到最大工作温度，在该最大工作温度下，热交换流体以显着的速率发生热降解，在最低工作温度下发生热储存。 稳定的传热流体通过公共中间热交换器将热量从热储器传递到可降解的热交换流体。 通过控制稳定的传热流体的循环，将可降解的热交换流体加热到足以满足间歇用户的最大电流设定点温度的温度。 因此可延长可降解热交换流体的寿命，而不损害间歇用户的有效加热。

公开(公告)号：US4173993A

公开(公告)日：1979-11-13

申请号：US839618

申请日：1977-10-05

申请人： Stephen F. Skala

发明人： Stephen F. Skala

IPC分类号： A47J27/17 ,  A47J37/00 ,  A47J39/00 ,  F25D31/00 ,  F25B29/00

CPC分类号： F25D31/005 ,  A47J27/17 ,  A47J37/00 ,  A47J39/006

摘要： A domestic appliance system and method are provided for storing and processing food by exchanging heat between the food and a latent heat storing material by forced circulation of a liquid thermal exchange fluid. A plurality of appliances, each having a single heat exchanger for receiving the thermal exchange fluid, connect across supply and return mains which contain the thermal exchange fluid at a differential pressure. Hot supply and return mains are part of a liquid thermal exchange fluid circuit which also includes a heat exchanger for exchanging heat with latent heat storing material in a hot reservoir, a pump, and the appliance heat exchangers with selector and regulator valves to control flow and temperature of thermal exchange fluid within the appliances. Cold supply and return mains are part of a similar liquid thermal exchange fluid circuit for exchanging heat between a cold latent heat storing material and a plurality of appliances. Moderate temperature supply and return mains are part of another similar circuit for exchanging heat in auxiliary heat sinks to deliver the thermal exchange fluid at moderate temperatures to a plurality of appliances during temperature transitions between hot and cold to conserve energy.As the thermal exchange fluid is forced to circulate between selected appliances and independently selected thermal reservoirs or auxiliary heat sinks, food associated with the appliances is subject to programmed temperatures. The thermal reservoirs are charged at off-peak hours and have large thermal capacity and peak thermal delivery capability.

摘要翻译： 提供家用电器系统和方法，用于通过液体热交换流体的强制循环在食物和潜热储存材料之间交换热量来存储和处理食物。 每个具有用于接收热交换流体的单个热交换器的多个设备在不同压力下连接在包含热交换流体的供应和回流管路上。 热供应和回流管路是液体热交换流体回路的一部分，其还包括用于与热储存器中的潜热储存材料进行热交换的热交换器，泵以及具有选择器和调节阀的设备热交换器以控制流量和 器具内的热交换流体的温度。 冷供应和回流管路是类似的液体热交换流体回路的一部分，用于在冷潜热蓄热材料和多个器具之间进行热交换。 中等温度供应和回流管路是另一个类似的电路的一部分，用于在辅助散热器中进行热交换，以在温和温度之间的温度转换期间将适度温度的热交换流体输送到多个器具以节省能量。 当热交换流体被迫在选定的设备和独立选择的热储存器或辅助散热器之间循环时，与器具相关联的食物受到编程温度的限制。 热库在非高峰时段充电，具有较大的热容量和最高的热输送能力。

公开(公告)号：US4389287A

公开(公告)日：1983-06-21

申请号：US336614

申请日：1982-01-04

申请人： Stephen F. Skala

发明人： Stephen F. Skala

IPC分类号： C25B1/04 ,  C25C3/02 ,  C25C7/00 ,  H01M8/06 ,  C25B15/08

CPC分类号： C25C7/005 ,  C25B1/04 ,  C25C3/02 ,  H01M8/065 ,  Y02E60/366 ,  Y10S204/04

摘要： In an electrolysis cell, molten alkali hydroxide is decomposed into products which include alkali metal and water. The water dissolves in the electrolyte where it is decomposed by electrolysis or by reaction with alkali metal thereby reducing efficiency of the cell and yield of the alkali metal.According to the process of the invention, the electrolyte with water dissolved therein is drawn through openings in an anode, is depleted of the dissolved water by a dehydrating means which is separate from the cell, and the dehydrated electrolyte is returned to an anolyte portion of the operating electrolysis cell for further decomposition.According to the apparatus of the invention, the anode comprises a plurality of parallel elongated electrodes which alternate with parallel channels. The electrolyte flows from a return channel, over an electrode, and through a withdrawal channel for the depletion of water and return to operating portions of the electrolysis cell through the return channels.

摘要翻译： 在电解槽中，将熔融的碱金属氢氧化物分解成包括碱金属和水的产物。 水溶解在电解质中，通过电解或与碱金属反应分解，从而降低电池的效率和碱金属的产率。 根据本发明的方法，将溶解有水的电解液通过阳极中的开口抽吸，通过与电池分开的脱水装置耗尽溶解的水，脱水的电解液返回到阳极电解液部分 操作电解槽进一步分解。 根据本发明的装置，阳极包括与平行通道交替的多个平行细长电极。 电解质从返回通道，电极上方以及通过撤回通道流出，以便耗尽水并通过返回通道返回到电解槽的操作部分。

公开(公告)号：US4189916A

公开(公告)日：1980-02-26

申请号：US779788

申请日：1977-03-21

申请人： Stephen F. Skala

发明人： Stephen F. Skala

IPC分类号： B01D33/00 ,  B01D50/00 ,  F02B1/04 ,  F02B43/10 ,  F02B75/02 ,  F02B75/04 ,  F02C3/20 ,  F02G1/043 ,  F01N3/02

CPC分类号： F02B75/04 ,  B01D50/00 ,  F02B43/10 ,  F02C3/20 ,  F02G1/0435 ,  F02B1/04 ,  F02B2043/106 ,  F02B2075/025 ,  F05C2225/08 ,  Y02T10/32

摘要： In a vehicle having an engine which derives power from a reaction of NaK and water in the presence of air, NaK hydroxide is a reaction product in the form of particulates suspended in an exhaust gas consisting principally of nitrogen with some water vapor. In order to release the exhaust as a harmless gas to the atmosphere and to retain the NaK hydroxide in the vehicle for removal during a fuel stop and subsequent reduction back to NaK metal, several stages of separation of the particulates from the gas are provided. A first stage, preferably based upon impingement of the NaK hydroxide particulates on a molten NaK hydroxide surface, separates a substantial portion of the particulates. A final stage of separation comprises filtration wherein two filters are used alternately, one filter separating the water soluble NaK hydroxide particulates from the exhaust gas while the other filter is being flushed with water as a solvent to dissolve accumulated NaK hydroxide thereby regenerating the filter. The flushing water which contains the dissolved NaK hydroxide is returned to a reservoir which also provides the water for the reaction of NaK and water. The functions of storing a reactant for combustion and of storing a solvent for dissolving accumulated particulates are both provided by a single body of liquid to result in a more simple structure and in less weight than would be feasible if separate reservoirs were used for the reactant and for the solvent.

摘要翻译： 在具有在空气存在下从NaK和水的反应中获得动力的发动机的车辆中，氢氧化钾是悬浮在主要由具有一些水蒸气的氮气排出的废气中的颗粒形式的反应产物。 为了将废气作为无害气体释放到大气中，并且在燃料停止期间将NaK氢氧化物保留在车辆中以除去，随后还原回NaK金属，提供了几个阶段的气体与颗粒的分离。 优选地基于NaK氢氧化物颗粒撞击在熔融的氢氧化钠表面上的第一阶段分离出大部分的颗粒。 分离的最后阶段包括过滤，其中交替使用两个过滤器，一个过滤器将水溶性NaK氢氧化物颗粒与废气分离，而另一个过滤器用水作为溶剂冲洗以溶解积聚的NaK氢氧化物，从而再生过滤器。 含有溶解的氢氧化钾的冲洗水返回到储存器，该储存器还提供NaK和水的反应的水。 存储用于燃烧的反应物和用于溶解累积的颗粒的溶剂的功能都由单一液体提供，以产生比单独的储存器用于反应物时更为简单的结构和更小的重量， 用于溶剂。

公开(公告)号：US4188794A

公开(公告)日：1980-02-19

申请号：US908509

申请日：1978-05-22

申请人： Stephen F. Skala

发明人： Stephen F. Skala

IPC分类号： A47J27/17 ,  A47J37/00 ,  F25D16/00 ,  F25D17/02 ,  F25D21/12

CPC分类号： A47J37/00 ,  A47J27/17 ,  F25D16/00 ,  F25D17/02 ,  F25D21/12

摘要： A food storage compartment of a freezer accumulates frost. At selected times, a heat source of large thermal capacity transforms a retained body of water or ice to steam. The steam condenses upon and melts the frost. A portion of the melt is retained to provide a source of steam in a subsequent defrosting period. The heat source operates at a temperature substantially above the boiling temperature of water and is permanently attached to a concavity or other reservoir which retains the water substance.In a preferred embodiment, the freezer is part of a system of domestic appliances using a liquid phase thermal exchange fluid to transfer heat between a plurality of appliances and thermal reservoirs maintained at hot and cold temperatures. The retained water substance is ice in a concavity at the bottom of the freezer. During a defrosting period, valves are positioned to allow flow of hot thermal exchange fluid as a heat source adjacent to the concavity. The ice in the concavity rapidly melts and forms steam which melts the frost. The melt flows into the concavity and surplus melt flows into a drain opening above the concavity. When flow of hot thermal exchange fluid stops, freezer temperature returns to sub-freezing and water in the concavity freezes to remain for the next defrosting period.

摘要翻译： 冷冻库的食物储藏室积聚霜冻。 在选定的时间，大的热容量的热源将保留的水或冰的体积变换为蒸汽。 蒸汽冷凝并融化霜冻。 保留熔体的一部分以在随后的除霜期间提供蒸汽源。 热源的操作温度基本上高于水的沸点温度，并且永久地附着在保留水物质的凹部或其它储存器中。 在优选实施例中，冷冻机是家用电器系统的一部分，其使用液相热交换流体在多个器具和保持在热和冷温度的热储存器之间传递热量。 保留的水物质是在冷冻器底部的凹处的冰。 在除霜期间，阀被定位成允许热的热交换流体作为与凹部相邻的热源的流动。 凹陷中的冰快速熔化并形成熔化霜的蒸汽。 熔体流入凹部，剩余的熔体流入凹部上方的排水口。 当热热交换流体流动停止时，冷冻机温度恢复到低温，并且凹部中的水冻结以保持下一个除霜期。

公开(公告)号：US4020798A

公开(公告)日：1977-05-03

申请号：US578527

申请日：1975-05-19

申请人： Stephen F. Skala

发明人： Stephen F. Skala

IPC分类号： B01D33/00 ,  F02B1/04 ,  F02B43/00 ,  F02B75/02 ,  F02B75/04 ,  F02G1/043 ,  F02M25/022 ,  F02B45/00

CPC分类号： F02B75/04 ,  F02B43/00 ,  F02G1/0435 ,  F02B1/04 ,  F02B2043/106 ,  F02B2075/025 ,  F05C2225/08 ,  Y02T10/32

摘要： The liquid metal sodium-potassium alloy called NaK reacts with water and air to release energy and to form hydroxides of NaK. The hydroxides are transported in solution by pipeline to be regenerated to NaK metal by electrolysis, the NaK metal being transported by a second pipeline to be dispensed to automobiles. The present invention is an internal combustion engine based on an explosive reaction of NaK and water sprays in the presence of air. A two cycle piston engine with NaK and water injected near maximum compression is preferred.

摘要翻译： 称为NaK的液态金属钠 - 钾合金与水和空气反应释放能量并形成NaK的氢氧化物。 氢氧化物通过管道在溶液中运输，通过电解再生成NaK金属，NaK金属被第二管道运输以分配到汽车中。 本发明是一种在空气存在下基于NaK和水喷雾的爆炸反应的内燃机。 在最大压缩附近注入NaK和水的双循环活塞发动机是首选。

公开(公告)号：US3971040A

公开(公告)日：1976-07-20

申请号：US605993

申请日：1975-08-20

申请人： Stephen F. Skala

发明人： Stephen F. Skala

IPC分类号： B41J2/025 ,  G01D15/18 ,  G01D9/00

CPC分类号： B41J2/025

摘要： A signal responsive printer selectively deposits drops of liquid ink onto an advancing sheet of ordinary paper. A flexible endless band having a plurality of uniformly spaced orifices is drawn through a stationary ink source. Liquid ink emerging under pressure from the orifices forms columns of ink drops which have the linear and constant speed motion of the orifice band. Frictionless constraint of the orifice band is provided by air bearings and noncontacting drive is provided by a linear induction motor acting on the orifice band. Simultaneous printing on both sides of a sheet of paper is attained by a configuration wherein a common orifice band loops through two printers which project selected ink drops toward advancing paper.

摘要翻译： 信号响应打印机选择性地将液体墨滴落到普通纸的推进片上。 具有多个均匀间隔开的孔的柔性环形带通过静止油墨源被抽吸。 在压力下从孔口出现的液体墨水形成具有孔带的线性和恒定速度运动的墨滴柱。 孔带的无摩擦约束由空气轴承提供，非接触驱动由作用在孔口带上的线性感应电动机提供。 通过这样的配置可以实现在一张纸的两面上的同时打印，其中共同孔口带环绕两个将选定的墨滴投影到前进纸上的打印机。

公开(公告)号：US3943525A

公开(公告)日：1976-03-09

申请号：US350943

申请日：1973-04-13

申请人： Stephen F. Skala

发明人： Stephen F. Skala

IPC分类号： B41J2/065 ,  G01D15/16

CPC分类号： B41J2/065

摘要： A system and method for printing by delivering monodisperse ink drops from a capillary array to a paper surface in an electrostatic field. Forces within selected capillaries allow said capillaries to be filled with ink from a supply which enters the capillary through a communication port. A valving and motor action is provided to open and close said ink port in a selective manner, said actions provided by a body of mercury partly filling the capillary under pressure, by developing a magnetic field within the capillary, and by inducing a potential between electrodes in a capillary which causes current flow across the magnetic field which results in a force that moves the body of mercury to open the communicating port. Terminating current flow restores the mercury in partly filled relationship within the capillary to again close off the port. The electrodes are energized to correspond with electrical graphic information which is preferably expressed through a switching assembly wherein a first set of switches are controlled by a signal which provides information for modulating the capillary filling in parallel, by a second set of switches which are operated by a synchronizing signal for sequencing scan, and by a third set of switches which provide current of proper direction in a circuit which shares an electrode with two capillaries. All switches are reset by another synchronizing signal occurring at the beginning of a new line of dots.A programmer automatically controls printing of preselected pages.

摘要翻译： 一种用于通过在静电场中将单分散墨滴从毛细管阵列传送到纸张表面进行印刷的系统和方法。 所选择的毛细管内的力允许所述毛细管从通过通信端口进入毛细管的供应源中填充墨水。 提供阀和马达动作以选择性的方式打开和关闭所述油墨端口，所述由汞体在部分地在压力下部分地填充毛细管的动作，通过在毛细管内形成磁场，以及通过在电极之间引入电位 在毛细管中，其导致电流流过磁场，这导致使汞体移动以打开连通端口的力。 终止电流在毛细管内恢复部分充满关系的汞，以再次关闭端口。 电极通电以对应于优选通过开关组件表示的电图形信息，其中第一组开关由信号控制，该信号通过第二组开关由第二组开关并行地提供用于调节毛细管填充的信息，该第二组开关由 用于排序扫描的同步信号，以及第三组开关，其在与两个毛细管共享电极的电路中提供正确方向的电流。 所有的开关都被另一个同步信号复位，这个同步信号在新的一行点开始出现。