Abstract:
Bacteriophage Insensitive Mutants (BIMs) of three Streptococcus thermophilus parent strains were generated and characterized for phage sensitivity, sedimentation rate, cell chain length, phage adsorption and CRISPR loci alterations. Several BIMs showed an altered sedimentation phenotype as well as an increase cell chain length, reduced phage sensitivity, reduced phage adsorption and 100% identity in three CRISPR loci. The results show that the derived BIMs have become phage-resistant through a mechanism other than CRISPR.
Abstract:
A kit useful for determining the phage susceptibility of one or more strains of Lactococcus lactis is described. The disclosure also describes methods for formulation of mixed defined starter cultures using strains from different phage sensitivity groups.
Abstract:
The present invention provides a method for the construction of a bacteriophage-insensitive mutant of a Streptococcus thermophilus parent strain whereby the bacteriophage insensitivity is not based on the CRISPR resistance mechanism but based on another mechanism. The method provides a protocol by which this can be achieved by inactivating one or more of the CRISPR systems present in a given strain. The invention also provides the bacteriophage-insensitive mutants as well as their use in a process for making a dairy product.