公开(公告)号：US4525628A

公开(公告)日：1985-06-25

申请号：US389828

申请日：1982-06-18

Applicant: Frank A. DiBianca ,  Jean-Pierre J. Georges ,  Dominic A. Cusano ,  Charles D. Greskovich

Inventor： Frank A. DiBianca ,  Jean-Pierre J. Georges ,  Dominic A. Cusano ,  Charles D. Greskovich

IPC: C09K11/00 ,  G01T1/202 ,  C09K11/46

CPC classification number: C04B35/50 ,  C04B35/645 ,  C09K11/7787 ,  G01T1/2023 ,  C04B2235/3224 ,  C04B2235/3225 ,  C04B2235/6581 ,  C04B2235/762

Abstract: An improved scintillator for a solid state radiation detector useful in CT (computed tomography), DR (digital radiography), and related technologies. The scintillator, rather than being grown as a single crystal, is formed by means of hot pressing or sintering, as a polycrystalline ceramic. Rare earth oxides doped with rare earth activators are selected to yield a cubic crystal structure of high density and transmittance, which satisfies radiation detector requirements better than crystals utilized heretofore.

Abstract translation: 用于CT（计算机断层摄影），DR（数字射线照相）和相关技术的固态放射检测器的改进的闪烁体。 作为多晶陶瓷，通过热压或烧结形成闪烁体而不是单晶生长。 选择掺杂有稀土活化剂的稀土氧化物以产生高密度和透射率的立方晶体结构，其满足了迄今为止使用的晶体的辐射探测器要求。

公开(公告)号：US4518546A

公开(公告)日：1985-05-21

申请号：US608323

申请日：1984-05-08

Applicant: Charles D. Greskovich ,  Dominic A. Cusano ,  Frank A. DiBianca

Inventor： Charles D. Greskovich ,  Dominic A. Cusano ,  Frank A. DiBianca

IPC: C04B35/50 ,  C04B35/505 ,  C04B35/645 ,  G01T1/202

CPC classification number: G01T1/2023 ,  C04B35/50 ,  C04B35/505 ,  C04B35/645 ,  C04B35/6455 ,  C09K11/7769 ,  C09K11/7787 ,  Y10S264/91

Abstract: Sintering and gas hot isostatic pressing are used to prepare polycrystalline yttria-gadolinia ceramic scintillator bodies. Multi-component powder compacts, formed by cold pressing cold isostatic pressing, are sintered to the closed porosity stage. The density of the sintered compacts is then increased by gas hot isostatic pressing. The finished scintillator includes Y.sub.2 O.sub.3, Gd.sub.2 O.sub.3, and one or more of Eu.sub.2 O.sub.3, Nd.sub.2 O.sub.3, Yb.sub.2 O.sub.3, Dy.sub.2 O.sub.3, Pr.sub.2 O.sub.3, and Tb.sub.2 O.sub.3 rare earth activator oxides. The finished scintillator may also include at least one of SrO and CaO as afterglow reducers.

Abstract translation: 烧结和气体热等静压用于制备多晶氧化钇陶瓷闪烁体。 通过冷压冷等静压法形成的多组分粉末压块，被烧结到闭孔阶段。 然后通过气体热等静压来增加烧结体的密度。 完成的闪烁体包括Y2O3，Gd2O3和一种或多种Eu2O3，Nd2O3，Yb2O3，Dy2O3，Pr2O3和Tb2O3稀土活化剂氧化物。 完成的闪烁体还可以包括SrO和CaO中的至少一种作为余辉减少剂。

公开(公告)号：US4473513A

公开(公告)日：1984-09-25

申请号：US389818

申请日：1982-06-18

Applicant: Dominic A. Cusano ,  Charles D. Greskovich ,  Frank A. DiBianca

Inventor： Dominic A. Cusano ,  Charles D. Greskovich ,  Frank A. DiBianca

IPC: C04B35/505 ,  C04B35/645 ,  G01T1/202 ,  C09K1/10

CPC classification number: C04B35/505 ,  C04B35/645 ,  C04B35/6455 ,  C09K11/7769 ,  C09K11/7787 ,  G01T1/2023 ,  Y10S264/91

Abstract: A method for preparing high density yttria-gadolinia ceramic scintillators includes cold-pressing a multicomponent powder to form powder compacts and then sintering the compacts to form transparent-to-translucent ceramic scintillator bodies. The powder compacts are formed by either die pressing or die pressing followed by isostatic pressing to further increase green density. The powder compacts are sintered in vacuum or a reducing atmosphere at a temperature of between 1800.degree. C. and 2100.degree. C. The preferred heating sequence includes a holding period at a temperature lower than the final sintering temperature. The finished scintillator includes Y.sub.2 O.sub.3, Gd.sub.2 O.sub.3, and one or more of Eu.sub.2 O.sub.3, Nd.sub.2 O.sub.3, Yb.sub.2 O.sub.3, Pr.sub.2 O.sub.3, Dy.sub.2 O.sub.3, and Tb.sub.2 O.sub.3 rare earth activator oxides. The finished scintillator may also include at least one of SrO and CaO as afterglow reducers.

Abstract translation: 制备高密度氧化钇 - 氧化钆陶瓷闪烁体的方法包括冷压多组分粉末以形成粉末压块，然后烧结压块以形成透明至半透明的陶瓷闪烁体。 粉末压块通过模压或压模形成，然后进行等静压，以进一步提高生坯密度。 粉末压块在真空或还原气氛中在1800℃至2100℃的温度下烧结。优选的加热步骤包括在低于最终烧结温度的温度下的保持期。 完成的闪烁体包括Y2O3，Gd2O3和一种或多种Eu2O3，Nd2O3，Yb2O3，Pr2O3，Dy2O3和Tb2O3稀土活化剂氧化物。 完成的闪烁体还可以包括SrO和CaO中的至少一种作为余辉减少剂。

公开(公告)号：US4831260A

公开(公告)日：1989-05-16

申请号：US106496

申请日：1987-10-09

Applicant: Frank A. DiBianca

Inventor： Frank A. DiBianca

IPC: G21K1/04 ,  H05G1/46 ,  H05G1/60

CPC classification number: G21K1/04 ,  H05G1/46 ,  H05G1/60

Abstract: A kinestatic charge detector includes a feedback control system for beam equalizing the radiation flux incident on patients of varying thickness. The control system can be an analog or digital type and controls the intensity of the radiation source or the opening of a collimator through which radiation is directed to the patient.

Abstract translation: 运动电荷检测器包括反馈控制系统，用于对入射到不同厚度患者的辐射通量进行平衡。 控制系统可以是模拟或数字类型，并且控制辐射源的强度或辐射被引导到患者的准直仪的打开。

公开(公告)号：US4472829A

公开(公告)日：1984-09-18

申请号：US359237

申请日：1982-03-18

Applicant: Stephen J. Riederer ,  Edmund R. Steinike ,  Frank A. DiBianca

Inventor： Stephen J. Riederer ,  Edmund R. Steinike ,  Frank A. DiBianca

IPC: H05G1/26 ,  G02B5/00

CPC classification number: H05G1/26

Abstract: A radiographic phantom is comprised of only two materials, a non-iodinated material composing the base and an iodinated material disposed in a channel simulating a blood vessel, thus providing for a resultant signal attributable only to the iodinated material when a radiographic subtraction process is conducted to test an apparatus for contrast sensitivity. The phantom is fabricated by forming the base of a plastic material, forming a channel in the base, and then filling in the channel with the same kind of plastic material but with minute amounts of iodine suspended uniformly therein.

Abstract translation: 射线体模体仅由两种材料构成，构成碱的非碘化材料和设置在模拟血管的通道中的碘化材料，从而在进行放射线减影处理时提供仅归因于碘化物质的结果信号 以测试对比度敏感度的装置。 通过形成塑料材料的基底，在基底中形成通道，然后用相同种类的塑料材料填充通道，但是将微量的碘均匀地悬浮在其中，从而制造体模。

公开(公告)号：US4421671A

公开(公告)日：1983-12-20

申请号：US389815

申请日：1982-06-18

Applicant: Dominic A. Cusano ,  Charles D. Greskovich ,  Frank A. DiBianca

Inventor： Dominic A. Cusano ,  Charles D. Greskovich ,  Frank A. DiBianca

IPC: C04B35/505 ,  C04B35/645 ,  C09K11/00 ,  C09K11/78 ,  G01T1/202 ,  C09K11/477

CPC classification number: C04B35/6455 ,  C04B35/505 ,  C04B35/645 ,  C09K11/7787 ,  G01T1/2023

Abstract: Rare-earth-doped, polycrystalline yttria-gadolinia ceramic scintillators with high density, optical clarity, uniformity, cubic structure and which are useful in the detection of X-rays, include one or more of the oxides of rare-earth elements Eu, Nd, Yb, Dy, Tb, and Pr as activators. The oxides of elements Zr, Th, and Ta are included as transparency-promoting densifying agents. Any decrease in scintillator light output, due to the addition of transparency promoting additives, may be partially restored by the addition of either calcium oxide (CaO) or strontium oxide (SrO). Sintering, sintering combined with gas hot isostatic pressing, and hot pressing methods for preparing the ceramic scintillators are also described.

Abstract translation: 具有高密度，光学透明度，均匀性，立方结构并且可用于X射线检测的稀土掺杂多晶氧化钇 - 氧化钆陶瓷闪烁体包括一种或多种稀土元素氧化物Eu，Nd ，Yb，Dy，Tb和Pr作为活化剂。 元素Zr，Th和Ta的氧化物被包括作为透明促进致密化剂。 通过添加氧化钙（CaO）或氧化锶（SrO），烧结，结合气体热等静压和烧结的烧结可以部分地恢复闪烁体光输出的任何减少，由于添加透明度促进添加剂 还描述了制备陶瓷闪烁体的方法。

公开(公告)号：US06335957B1

公开(公告)日：2002-01-01

申请号：US09228870

申请日：1999-01-12

Applicant: Frank A. DiBianca

Inventor： Frank A. DiBianca

IPC: G01N2300

CPC classification number: G01T1/2985 ,  A61B6/032 ,  A61B6/4241 ,  G01T1/1644 ,  G01T1/2018

Abstract: This invention relates to an imaging system useful in medical and industrial x-ray imaging, including classical and digital radiography, and classical CT scanning. The imaging system of the present invention provides an increased spatial resolution over imaging systems of the prior art by angulating an x-ray detector or detector array with respect to a radiation source.

Abstract translation: 本发明涉及一种用于医疗和工业X射线成像的成像系统，包括经典和数字射线照相术以及经典CT扫描。 本发明的成像系统通过使x射线检测器或检测器阵列相对于辐射源成角度地提供超过现有技术的成像系统的空间分辨率。

公开(公告)号：US4707608A

公开(公告)日：1987-11-17

申请号：US721727

申请日：1985-04-10

Applicant: Frank A. DiBianca

Inventor： Frank A. DiBianca

IPC: A61B6/00 ,  A61B6/03 ,  G01N23/04 ,  G01T1/185 ,  G01T1/29 ,  H01J47/02 ,  H01J47/00

CPC classification number: G01T1/2935 ,  H01J47/02

Abstract: A technique for detecting the spatial distribution of propagating energy induces secondary energy produced in a detector to drift in a predetermined direction at a predetermined velocity and synchronously moves the detector in a direction opposite to the direction of drift of the secondary energy at a velocity equal in magnitude to the magnitude of the velocity of drift of the secondary energy. Although the secondary energy is drifting with respect to the detector, the synchronous detector movement causes the secondary energy to appear stationary with respect to a source of radiation, resulting in "kinestatis" of the secondary energy. The secondary energy resulting from the radiation integrates along stationary paths in the detector (operated as a "kinestatic detector") and is subsequently detected when a collection volume of the detector sweeps through the stationary secondary energy. Signal integration can occur over long periods of time while resolution in the direction of movement of the detector is determined by the detector output sampling rate. A detector having n-by-l detecting elements can simulate the operation of an n-by-m element detector for use in digital radiography and computed tomography and other imaging and non-imaging sensing techniques. The detector may take the form of a xenon gas ionization chamber. Field distortion eliminating techniques are used to eliminate variations in charge carrier drift velocity in such an ionization chamber. Charge carrier mobility and drift velocity are adjusted to synchronize charge carrier movement with detector movement.

Abstract translation: 用于检测传播能量的空间分布的技术会引起在检测器中产生的二次能量，以预定的速度在预定方向上漂移，并以与第二能量的漂移方向相反的方向同步移动检测器，速度等于 大小与二次能量的漂移速度的大小。 虽然二次能量相对于检测器漂移，但是同步检测器运动导致二次能量相对于辐射源呈现静止，导致二次能量的“激励”。 由辐射产生的二次能量沿着检测器中的静止路径积分（作为“动态检测器”运行），随后在检测器的收集体积扫过固定次级能量时检测。 信号积分可以在长时间内发生，而检测器的移动方向上的分辨率由检测器输出采样率决定。 具有n×1个检测元件的检测器可以模拟用于数字射线照相术和计算机断层摄影以及其它成像和非成像感测技术的n×m个元件检测器的操作。 检测器可以采取氙气体电离室的形式。 使用场失真消除技术来消除这种电离室中电荷载流子漂移速度的变化。 电荷载流子迁移率和漂移速度被调整以使载流子运动与检测器运动同步。

公开(公告)号：US4518545A

公开(公告)日：1985-05-21

申请号：US389829

申请日：1982-06-18

Applicant: Dominic A. Cusano ,  Charles D. Greskovich ,  Frank A. DiBianca

Inventor： Dominic A. Cusano ,  Charles D. Greskovich ,  Frank A. DiBianca

IPC: C04B35/505 ,  C04B35/645 ,  G01T1/202 ,  C04B35/50

CPC classification number: C04B35/6455 ,  C04B35/505 ,  C04B35/645 ,  C09K11/7787 ,  G01T1/2023 ,  Y10S264/91

Abstract: A method for preparing high density yttria-gadolinia ceramic scintillators by cold-pressing multicomponent powder to form powder compacts and then sintering the compacts to form transparent-to-translucent ceramic scintillator bodies. The powder compacts are formed by either die pressing or die pressing followed by isostatic pressing to further increase green density. The powder compacts are sintered in vacuum or a reducing atmosphere at a temperatue of between 1800.degree. C. and 2100.degree. C. The preferred heating sequence includes a holding period at a temperature lower than the final sintering temperature. The finished scintillator includes Y.sub.2 O.sub.3, Gd.sub.2 O.sub.3, and one or more of Eu.sub.2 O.sub.3, Nd.sub.2 O.sub.3, Yb.sub.2 O.sub.3, Dy.sub.2 O.sub.3, Pr.sub.2 O.sub.3, and Tb.sub.2 O.sub.3 rare earth activator oxides. At least one of the oxides of elements Zr, Th, and Ta is included as a transparency promoting densifying agent. At least one of CaO and SrO may be included as a light output restorer.

Abstract translation: 一种通过冷压多组分粉末制备高密度氧化钇 - 氧化钆陶瓷闪烁体的方法，以形成粉末压块，然后烧结压块以形成透明至半透明的陶瓷闪烁体。 粉末压块通过模压或压模形成，然后进行等静压，以进一步提高生坯密度。 粉末压块在真空或还原气氛中在1800〜2100℃的温度下烧结。优选的加热步骤包括在低于最终烧结温度的温度下的保持时间。 完成的闪烁体包括Y2O3，Gd2O3和一种或多种Eu2O3，Nd2O3，Yb2O3，Dy2O3，Pr2O3和Tb2O3稀土活化剂氧化物。 元素Zr，Th和Ta的氧化物中的至少一种被包括作为透明促进致密化剂。 可以包括CaO和SrO中的至少一种作为光输出恢复器。

公开(公告)号：US07453977B2

公开(公告)日：2008-11-18

申请号：US11672071

申请日：2007-02-07

Applicant: Frank A. DiBianca ,  Lawrence M. Jordan

Inventor： Frank A. DiBianca ,  Lawrence M. Jordan

IPC: G01N23/00

CPC classification number: A61B6/4452 ,  A61B6/032 ,  A61B6/4266 ,  G01T1/1644 ,  G01T1/2985 ,  H01L27/14658

Abstract: Variable-Resolution X-ray (VRX) techniques boost spatial resolution of a Computed Tomographic (CT) scanner in the scan plane by two or more orders of magnitude by reducing the angle of incidence of the x-ray beam with respect to the detector surface. A multi-arm multi-angle VRX detector for targeted CT scanning allows for “target imaging” in which an area of interest is scanned at higher resolution than the remainder of the subject, yielding even higher resolution for the target area than that obtained from prior VRX techniques. In one embodiment, the VRX-CT detector comprises four quasi-identical arms, each containing six 24-cell modules made of individual custom CdWO4 scintillators optically-coupled to custom photodiode arrays. The maximum scan field is 40 cm for a magnification of 1.4. A significant advantage of the four-arm geometry is that it can transform quickly to a two-arm or single-arm geometry for comparison studies and other applications.

Abstract translation: 可变分辨率X射线（VRX）技术通过减少X射线束相对于检测器表面的入射角度，将扫描平面中计算机断层扫描仪（CT）扫描仪的空间分辨率提高了两个或更多个数量级 。 用于目标CT扫描的多臂多角度VRX检测器可以进行“目标成像”，其中以比目标的其余部分更高的分辨率扫描感兴趣区域，从而产生比目前区域更高的分辨率 VRX技术。 在一个实施例中，VRX-CT检测器包括四个准相同的臂，每个臂包含六个由个体定制的CdWO4闪烁体组成的24个单元模块，光电耦合到定制的光电二极管阵列。 最大扫描场为40 cm，放大倍数为1.4。 四臂几何的一个显着优点是它可以快速转换为双臂或单臂几何，用于比较研究和其他应用。