摘要:
The present invention provides a toner binder for developing electrostatic charge images, which binder comprises a polycondensate polyester resin, said polyester resin being a product formed in the presence of at least one titanium-containing catalyst (A) selected from the group consisting of a titanium halides (A1), a titanium diketone enolate (A2), a titanium carboxylate (A3), a titanyl carboxylate (A4), and a titanyl carboxylate salt (A5). Furthermore, the present invention provides a toner binder for developing electrostatic charge images, which binder comprises a polycondensate polyester resin, said polyester resin being a product formed in the presence of at least one tin-containing catalyst (B) selected from the group consisting of dioctyltin oxide (B1), monobutyltin oxide (B2), and dibutyltin oxide (B3), with the content of tributyltin compounds in (B3) being not more than 250 ppm.
摘要:
The present invention provides a resin for toner binders, which comprises two polyester resins (A) and (B), said resin (A) being a crosslinked modified polyester resin consisting of the reaction product from a crosslinked polyester resin (a) and a polyepoxide (c) and said resin (B) being an acid anhydride-modified linear polyester resin consisting of the reaction product from a linear polyester resin (b) and an acid anhydride (r).
摘要:
The present invention provides a resin for toner binders, which comprises two polyester resins (A) and (B), said resin (A) being a crosslinked modified polyester resin consisting of the reaction product from a crosslinked polyester resin (a) and a polyepoxide (c) and said resin (B) being an acid anhydride-modified linear polyester resin consisting of the reaction product from a linear polyester resin (b) and an acid anhydride (r).
摘要:
A system database stores client data, manuscript data, publication instruction data and sales data related to magazine editing and various data constituting a user and various information magazines. An image database stores image data to appear on an advertisement. An editing and imposition device fetches publication data accumulated in the database, performs automatic layout of a manuscript, and creates a page-up manuscript. An editing layout device displays the page-up manuscript and image data stored in the image database as a block copy image. A user terminal inputs client data, publication instruction data, manuscript data and sales data. A web application server executes a search request or an update request from the user terminal for data to the system database and the image database. The user terminal and the web application server to communicate with each other through an Internet network to enable a user to freely perform automatic editing.
摘要:
A liquid crystal device is constituted by a pair of substrates each having thereon at least an electrode and an alignment control layer, and a liquid crystal composition disposed between the substrates. At least one of the alignment control layers has a thickness of at most 200 .ANG. or comprises polyimide. In the latter case, the pair of substrates have been subjected to mutually different aligning treatments. The liquid crystal composition comprises at least one species of a fluorine-containing mesomorphic compound in an amount of at least 70 wt. % comprising a fluorocarbon terminal portion and a hydrocarbon terminal portion, the terminal portions being connected with a central core, and having smectic mesophase or latent smectic mesophase, and comprises at least one species of a resistivity-modifying substance. The fluorine-containing mesomorphic compound comprises a compound having a fluorocarbon terminal portion containing at least one catenary ether oxygen atom in an amount of at least 30 wt. % based on the liquid crystal composition. The liquid crystal device is effective in improving switching characteristics, an alignment characteristic and display performances while retaining a bookshelf structure or a near bookshelf structure with respect to a smectic layer structure.
摘要:
A liquid crystal device with a decreased temperature-dependence of response speed is obtained by using a liquid crystal composition having a temperature range where the composition assumes chiral smectic C phase. The temperature range of chiral smectic C phase includes a) a first temperature range where the liquid crystal composition shows a cone angle in chiral smectic C phase which increases on temperature decrease down to a mediate temperature, and b) a second temperature range, below the first temperature range, where the liquid crystal composition shows a cone angle in chiral smectic C phase which decreases on further temperature decrease below the mediate temperature.
摘要:
A document reader in which means for feeding in/out feeds a document into the fixed reading position and feeds it out from there, a reading unit reads the document by scanning, and means for scanning/returning makes the reading unit scan along the document and makes it return to its home position.
摘要:
A liquid crystal device is constituted by a pair of substrates each having thereon an electrode, and a smectic liquid crystal having a plurality of smectic liquid crystal layers disposed between the substrates. The smectic liquid crystal is disposed to form a first region wherein the smectic liquid crystal layers are aligned to have a layer inclination angle smaller than a calculated layer inclination angle based on a temperature-dependent layer spacing-changing characteristic or are aligned in a direction perpendicular to the substrates to form a bookshelf structure, and a second region wherein the smectic liquid crystal layers are aligned to form a chevron structure having a substantial layer inclination angle or having a layer inclination angle substantially equal to a calculated layer inclination angle based on a temperature-dependent layer spacing-changing characteristic. The liquid crystal device having the first an second regions described above is effective in improving a contrast ratio and a driven margin parameter.
摘要:
A liquid crystal device is constituted by disposing a chiral smectic liquid crystal between a pair of substrates each provided with an electrode and a uniaxial alignment film. The chiral smectic liquid crystal is placed in such a quasi-smectic A alignment state that the liquid crystal molecules will have a single average molecular axis under no electric field application on a lower temperature side within chiral smectic C phase range, wherein the single average molecular axis can be confirmed as a position providing the darkest state when observed through cross nicol polarizers. Such a quasi-smectic A alignment state is effective in providing a liquid crystal device (or display apparatus) having an improved shock resistance and a good low-temperature storage properties.
摘要:
A liquid crystal device showing improved uniform alignment characteristic and switching characteristic is constituted by a pair of an upper substrate and a lower substrate, and a chiral smectic liquid crystal disposed between the upper and lower substrates. Each of the upper and lower substrates has thereon an electrode for applying a voltage to the liquid crystal and a uniaxial alignment film. The alignment films on the upper and lower substrates are provided with uniaxial alignment axes which cross each other so that the direction of crossing of the uniaxial alignment axes from the lower substrate to the upper substrate is identical to the direction of helical twist in cholesteric phase of the chiral smectic liquid crystal, and the chiral smectic liquid crystal is disposed in such an alignment state that the liquid crystal shows a pretilt angle .alpha., a cone angle H, an inclination angle .delta. of SmC.sup.* layer, and an apparent tilt angle .theta.a satisfying relationships of: H .theta.a>H/2. The crossing direction may preferably have a polarity (taken as "positive" in clockwise direction and "negative" in anticlockwise direction) which is the same as the polarity of the spontaneous polarization of the liquid crystal.
摘要翻译:显示出改善的均匀取向特性和切换特性的液晶装置由一对上基板和下基板以及设置在上基板和下基板之间的手性近晶液晶构成。 上基板和下基板都具有用于向液晶施加电压的电极和单轴取向膜。 上基板和下基板上的取向膜具有彼此交叉的单轴对准轴,使得单轴对准轴从下基板到上基板的交叉方向与胆甾醇相的螺旋扭转方向相同 手性近晶液晶和手性近晶液晶以这样的取向状态设置,使得液晶显示预倾角α,锥角+ E,crc / H /,SmC *层的倾斜角度δ,以及 满足以下关系的明显倾斜角θa:+ E,crc / H /α+δ和+ E,crc / H />θa> + E,crc / H / / 2。 交叉方向可以优选地具有与液晶的自发极化的极性相同的极性(顺时针方向为“正”,逆时针方向为“负”)。