摘要:
This specification discloses a light modulating device comprising a liquid medium whose physical properties are variable by heat, and a heat-generating element for heating the liquid medium to such a degree that boiling does not occur to the liquid medium. The specification also discloses a light modulation apparatus comprising a liquid medium whose physical properties are variable by heat, a heat-generating element for heating the liquid medium to such a degree that boiling does not occur to the liquid medium, and a optical system for taking out one of a light flux modulated by the variation in physical properties of the liquid medium and a light flux not modulated by said variation from a state in which the light fluxes are mixedly present.
摘要:
A functional optical element comprises a first optical member, a second optical member provided in contact with said first optical member, the interface between said first optical member and said second optical member being non-flat planar, a means for changing the refractive index of said second optical member, said means for changing refractive index being capable of creating selectively a first state in which said first optical member and said second optical member have an equal refractive index and a second state in which said first optical member and said second optical member have different refractive indices by changing the refractive index of said second optical member.
摘要:
A variable aberration imaging optical system comprises an imaging optical system and an optical device disposed in the optical system and capable of controlling the imaging characteristic of the imaging optical system. The optical device has a medium for forming an index gradient therein by heat, and a device for imparting heat to a desired position on the medium.
摘要:
An optical element whose focal length is variable comprises a medium whose refractive index is variable by temperature, a heating device for imparting heat to the medium to cause an index gradient resulting from a temperature distribution to be created in the medium, and a device for controlling the amount of heat imparted to the medium by the heating device to vary the shape of the index gradient formed in the medium.
摘要:
An optical element having the function of changing the cross-sectional intensity distribution of an incident light beam is comprised of a plurality of prisms. The optical element spatially combines a light beam having been amplitude-divided by an amplitude-dividing mirror provided on the joined surface of the prisms and a light beam having been totally reflected by a total-reflection mirror provided on the outermost one of the prisms to thereby change the cross-sectional intensity distribution of the light beam entering the optical element.
摘要:
In the disclosed zoom lens of the mechanical compensation type, a first movable lens group, a second movable lens group, a third movable lens group and a fixed lens group are located in sequence from the object end. The first, second and third lens groups are simultaneously moved along the optical axis independently of each so as to change the focal length. The first movable lens group is placed closer to the image at the end of the wide angle position rather than at the end of the telephoto position, while during zooming, the axial movement of the first movable lens from the extreme wide angle position to the extreme telephoto position is smaller than that of the third movable lens group. On the other hand, during focusing, the second and the third lens groups are fixed, while the first movable lens group is moved.
摘要:
A zoom optical system is composed of a positive focusing lens group, a negative variating lens group, a negative compensating lens group and a positive rear fixed lens group. A rotating grooved cam moves the variating lens group and the compensating lens group in a given relation to each other along the optical axis in the normal focusing range. The focusing lens group is moved along the optical axis normal range for focusing. The variating lens group is kept stationary on the optical axis while the compensating lens group is moved along the optical axis during close-range focusing.
摘要:
Provided is a low-cost control device for an electric servo press, which is excellent in operability and operation efficiency, capable of abruptly stopping a servomotor in a safe and reliable manner within a short time period in response to an abrupt stop command while avoiding hard actuation of a mechanical brake, even in the case of runaway of the servomotor or the like. An electric servo press performs switching to rotation stop control for a servomotor according to an abrupt stop motion based on an abrupt stop command signal to perform brake actuation to cause a mechanical brake to actually start braking and to forcibly interrupt rotational drive power to the servomotor at a scheduled stop time at which the servomotor is stopped according to the abrupt stop motion.
摘要:
A semiconductor wafer heat treatment apparatus and method, which can carry out a heat treatment to suppress variations in line widths within a surface on a semiconductor wafer and the like, includes: a heating plate for heating a semiconductor wafer to a predetermined temperature; a temperature measuring unit for measuring temperatures when heating the semiconductor wafer or a semiconductor wafer equivalent placed on the heating plate, at portions divided into a plurality of regions; and a controller for controlling the temperatures of the semiconductor wafer, and based on the temperature measurement result of the temperature measuring unit, the controller controls the temperature in heating the semiconductor wafer, for each of the plurality of regions. In cooling after the heating process, based on the temperature measurement result, the controller controls the temperature in cooling the semiconductor wafer, for each of the plurality of regions.
摘要:
A high precision stepping aligner includes a stage for carrying thereon an object and drivable to move the object stepwise relative to an exposing position so as to align a plurality of portions of the object in succession with the exposing position, where each of the portions is exposed to exposure light. The stage is moved stepwise first in the X-direction and then in the Y-direction. Thereafter, the stepping movement in the X-direction and the stepping movement in the Y-direction are repeated one after another so that the stage traces a substantially spiral stepping pattern. A mirror for reflecting a beam of light for positioning the stage is disposed on the stage with a heat insulating material interposed therebetween.