Abstract:
Electrical heating elements operable at high temperatures for long periods are produced by a method involving micropyretic synthesis. Compositions subjected to micropyretic synthesis comprises a powdery mass of electrically conductive and semiconductive material, a reactive system including a sub-micron particle size reactant capable of undergoing micropyretic synthesis, a grain growth inhibitor and a plasticizer or extrusion agent.
Abstract:
An oxidation-resistant alloy for use in a high-temperature or thermal cycling environment. The alloy comprises a nickel-based matrix having a solid solution of 19-23 % chromium and 3-6 % aluminum. A self-healing, thermodynamically stable oxide layer is formed upon a surface of the alloy which is exposed to an oxidizing atmosphere over a range of temperatures for extended periods of time. The oxide layer protects the alloy from the oxidizing atmosphere. Additions of calcium and yttrium are made to the matrix to substantially remove or stabilize oxygen and sulfur dissolved in the molten alloy. These additions result in retention of about 0.01-0.04 % of calcium and 0.01-0.04 % yttrium in the cast alloy. The matrix further includes about 2-8 % iron to inhibit nucleation and growth of a "gamma prime" nickel aluminium intermetallic compound which would otherwise adversely harden the alloy and cause local disturbance of a uniform distribution of aluminium.
Abstract:
The invention concerns electrically conducting honeycomb elements consisting of structured metal sheets (31, 32), in particular catalyst substrates, which can be heated directly and/or whose temperature-dependent resistance can be used for operational control purposes. So that the honeycomb body has a suitable resistance, e.g. between 0.03 and 2 ohms, preferably between 0.1 and 1 ohm, it is divided electrically by electrically insulating intermediate layers (38) or surface coatings in such a way with respect to its cross-sectional plane that there is at least one electrical conduction path with the required resistance. Honeycomb bodies of this kind can be used as catalyst substrates in motor vehicles when they can be heated before and/or after the engine is started, thus reaching the operating temperature necessary for the catalystic reaction more rapidly and hence reducing the vehicle-exhaust output during the engine-start phase. The invention increases the resistance to axial loads by virtue of the fact that form-locking connections (33) are made between the metal sheets (31, 32), a ceramic intermediate layer being included in the form-locking connections (33) as electrical insulation.
Abstract:
An insulating refractory which contains a small amount of a borate. When used as a support for an Fe-Cr-Al heating element and other structural refractories, the refractory can markedly reduce the oxidation rate of the heating element, thus prolonging the life of the element.
Abstract:
Le chauffe-eau comprend une section d'orifices d'entrée (10, 140), une section d'orifices de sortie (11, 141) et un corps (14, 139) entre les deux sections, le corps (14, 139) contenant une unité de radiateur (26, 45, 124, 134, 137, 142, 149, 151, 155, 156, 160, 161, 162) comprenant un organe de radiateur à circuit imprimé. Dans un mode préférentiel de réalisation l'unité de radiateur (26) a la forme d'un radiateur à circuit imprimé (27) pris en sandwich entre une paire de plaques métalliques et enroulé de manière à former une spirale. Cette disposition permet d'obtenir une zone étendue de contact pour l'eau s'écoulant autour de la spirale ainsi qu'un temps de contact accru, ce qui se traduit par un rendement accru de chauffage. En outre, le radiateur à circuit imprimé peut être relativement court et compact, de manière à réduire les dimensions et le coût du chauffe-eau.
Abstract:
본 발명의 실시 형태는 반도체 설비의 파이프나 튜브 내부의 온도를 일정하게 유지할 수 있도록 파이프나 튜브의 가스관을 감싸는 자켓 히터에 있어서, 상기 가스관을 감싸는 자켓 히터의 외측면인 외측 커버; 상기 가스관에 접하는 자켓 히터의 내측면인 내측 커버; 상기 외측커버와 내측커버 사이에서 상기 외측 커버에 접하여 위치하는 단열재; 상기 단열재와 내측커버 사이에서 상기 단열재에 접하여 위치하며, 외부의 접지 단자와 연결되는 도전성 플레이트; 상기 도전성 플레이트와 내측커버 사이에서 상기 도전성 플레이트에 접하여 위치하는 외측 유리 섬유; 상기 외측 유리 섬유와 내측커버 사이에서 외측 유리 섬유의 표면에 배치되어 열을 발생시키는 발열 열선으로서, 방폭용 금속소재로 구현된 방폭용 열선 케이블; 및 상기 방폭용 열선 케이블의 일끝단에 마련되어 외부 전원으로부터 전력을 제공받는 전력 입력단;을 포함할 수 있다.
Abstract:
The present invention relates to the design, construction and manufacture of a novel electrical high temperature heater having a polymer thick film conductor paste with which to form an electrode on resistive film. The based polymer is a polyimide based on the electrically conductive high in use operating temperature paste comprises a polyimide resin represented by formula (I): -NCOOC6H3-X-C6H3COON-Y- wherein X is C(CH3)2, 0, S(O)2 or C(CF3)2, O-Ph-C(CH3)2-Ph-O, O-Ph-O- or a mixture of two, or more of C(CH3)2, 0, S(0)2, and C(CF3)2, 0-Ph-C(CH3)2-Ph-O, O-Ph-O-; wherein Y is diamine component or mixture of diamine components selected from the group consisting of: m-phenylenediamine (MPD), 3,4'-diaminodiphenyl ether (3,4'-ODA), 4,4'-diamino-2,2'-bis(trifluoromethyl)biphenyl (TFMB), 3,3'-diaminodiphenyl sulfone (3,3'-DDS), 4,4'-(Hexafluoroisopropylidene)bis(2-aminophenol) (6F-AP) bis-(4-(4-aminophenoxy)phenyl)sulfone (BAPS) and 9,9-bis(4-aminophenyl)fluorene (FDA); 2,3,5,6-tetramethyl-1,4-phenylenediamine (DAM), 2,2-bis[4-(4-aminophenoxyphenyl)]propane (BAPP), 2,2-bis[4-(4-aminophenoxyphenyl)] hexafluoropropane (HFBAPP), 1,3-bis(3- aminophenoxy) benzene (APB-133), 2,2-bis(3-aminophenyl)hexafluoropropane, 2,2-bis(4-aminophenyl)hexafluoropropane (Bis-A-AF), 4,4'-bis(4-amino-2-trifluoromethylphenoxy) biphenyl, 4,4'-[1,3-phenylenebis(1-methyl-ethylidene)] bisaniline (Bisaniline-M) with the proviso that:. if X is 0, then Y is not m-phenylenediamine (MPD), bis-(4-(4-aminophenoxy)phenyl)sulfone (BAPS) and 3,4'-diaminodiphenyl ether (3,4'-ODA); BAPP, APB-133, Bisaniline-M. if X is S(0)2, then Y is not 3,3'-diaminodiphenyl sulfone (3,3'-DDS); iii. if X is C(CF3)2, then Y is not m-phenylenediamine (MPD), bis-(4-(4-aminophenoxy)phenyl)sulfone (BAPS), 9,9-bis(4-aminophenyl)fluorene (FDA), and 3,3'-diaminodiphenyl sulfone (3,3'-DDS); iv. if X is O-Ph-C(CH3)2-Ph-O or O-Ph-O-, then Y is not m-phenylene diamine (MPD), FDA, 3,4'-ODA, DAM, BAPP, APB-133, bisaniline-M dissolved in a solvent suited to screen printing, with an electrically conductive metal powder dispersed to from a screen printable thick film paste.
Abstract:
An electronic smoking article comprising an aerosol generator and a mechanical aerosol converter insert having the capacity to improve characteristics of aerosol produced by the aerosol generator, including sensory attributes.