Abstract:
A system includes a first sensor unit having multiple solid-state light sources (202a-202n) each configured to generate light at one or more wavelengths, where different light sources are configured to generate light at different wavelengths. The first sensor unit also includes a mixer (204, 302a-302n, 304, 402a-402m) configured to mix the light from the light sources and to provide the mixed light to a web (108) being sampled. The first sensor unit further includes a controller (258a) configured to control the generation of the light by the light sources. The system also includes a second sensor unit comprising a detector (206) configured to measure mixed light that has interacted with the web. The second sensor unit could also include a second controller (258b) configured to determine one or more characteristics of the web (such as moisture content and fiber weight) using measurements from the detector.
Abstract:
A method includes measuring (508) a caliper of a sheet (108) of material using a caliper sensor (200, 300) having first and second sensor modules (202-204, 302-304). The method also includes adjusting (514) the caliper measurement based on a transverse displacement between a first sensor component in the first sensor module and a second sensor component in the second sensor module to generate a corrected caliper measurement. Adjusting the caliper measurement can include applying a corrector function that adjusts the caliper measurement based on the measured transverse displacement. The corrector function can be identified by repeatedly creating misalignment between the first and second sensor components, measuring a known distance using the caliper sensor, and identifying an error between the measurement of the known distance and the known distance.
Abstract:
A method includes receiving (410) at least one measurement of a dissolved carbon dioxide concentration of a mixture of fluid containing an autotrophic organism. The method also includes determining (420) an adjustment to one or more manipulated variables using the at least one measurement. The method further includes generating (430) one or more signals to modify the one or more manipulated variables based on the determined adjustment. The one or more manipulated variables could include a carbon dioxide flow rate, an air flow rate, a water temperature, and an agitation level for the mixture. At least one model (214) relates the dissolved carbon dioxide concentration to one or more manipulated variables, and the adjustment could be determined by using the at least one model to drive the dissolved carbon dioxide concentration to at least one target that optimize a goal function. The goal function could be to optimize biomass growth rate, nutrient removal and/or lipid production.
Abstract:
A system (100, 300) includes a signal source (126, 326) that provides a first signal for measuring a gas content of a liquid sample. The system also includes an analyzer (128, 328) that determines the gas content of the liquid sample using a measurement of a second signal, where the second signal is based on the first signal. The system further includes an apparatus with a walled structure (106, 306) having a cavity (108, 308). The apparatus also includes a piston (110, 310) that pulls the liquid sample into the cavity and pushes the liquid sample out of the cavity. The apparatus further includes at least one measurement window (130-132, 330) having at least one inner surface exposed within the cavity. The at least one measurement window receives the first signal from the signal source and provides the second signal to the analyzer. The piston could also clean the at least one inner surface, and the piston can include a reference material (116, 316) for calibrating the analyzer.
Abstract:
Non-contacting caliper measurements of free-standing sheets detect mid-IR interferometric fringes created by the reflection of light from the top and bottom surfaces of the sheet. The technique includes directing a laser beam at a selected angle of incidence onto a single spot on the exposed outer surface and scanning the laser beam through a selected wavelength range as the laser beam is directed onto the exposed outer surface and measuring the intensity of an interference pattern that forms from the superposition of radiation that is reflected from the exposed outer surface and from the inner surface. Alternatively, the intensity of an interference pattern formed from the superposition of radiation that is directly transmitted through the web and radiation that is transmitted through the web after internal reflections from the internal surfaces of the web. Thickness can be extracted from the fringe separation in the interference pattern.
Abstract:
Radiation scattering is one of the main contributors to the uncertainty of near infrared (NIR) measurements. Enhanced absorption-measurement accuracy for NIR sensors is achieved by using a combination of NIR spectroscopy and time-of-flight techniques to select photons that are the result of a given mean free path within a moving sample target. By measuring absorption as a function of path length or by windowing signals that are attributable to excessive scattering of NIR radiation within the sample, this technique affords the calculation of more accurate and more universal calibrations. The NIR sensor employs short or ultra-short laser pulses to create NIR that is directed to the moving sample and emerging radiation is detected over time. Windowing effectively truncates non-contributing measurements.
Abstract:
A method includes measuring (304, 404) intensities of light passing through a sample (102) of an algae culture at different wavelengths. The method also includes identifying (204-206, 312, 416), using the measured intensities, a peak absorption wavelength of at least one type of chlorophyll in the sample and/or an absorption ratio involving multiple types of chlorophyll in the sample. The method further includes determining (210) whether the algae culture has a problem using the peak absorption wavelength and/or the absorption ratio. The peak absorption wavelength could be identified by identifying a specified wavelength at which a smallest amount of light passes through the sample. The absorption ratio could be identified by identifying (412) an average absorption wavelength of first and second types of chlorophyll in the sample and identifying (312) a peak absorption wavelength of the first type of chlorophyll.
Abstract:
A method includes identifying (508) a chlorophyll concentration per optical density parameter (CCpOD) value (408) using a chlorophyll concentration measurement (504) of an autotroph culture (104) and an optical density measurement (506) of the autotroph culture. The method also includes identifying (510) a change in the autotroph culture using the CCpOD value. The change in the autotroph culture can be identified by determining whether the CCpOD value falls outside upper (404) and lower (406) control limits. The upper and lower control limits can be identified using a specified number of previously-determined CCpOD values, which can be calculated when the autotroph culture is in a known healthy state. Multiple CCpOD values can be calculated, and an alarm (120) can be generated if a specified number of the CCpOD values (such as one or more) fall outside the upper and lower control limits.
Abstract:
A diffuse reflector of radiation in the near and mid infrared regions includes (i) an assembly that has a reflecting element and a diffusing element that is made of one or more layers of calcium fluoride, sapphire, or alumina; or (ii) a diffusively reflective surface configured as a metallic layer with a rough surface. The diffuse reflector can be incorporated into systems for measuring properties of sheet materials and particularly into optical sensors that include a measurement window configured with one or more of the diffuse reflectors that cause incident radiation from a sensor light source to be diffused and reflected a plurality of times within a layer of material before being detected by the sensor receiver.
Abstract:
A spectroscopic method (100) and spectroscopy system (200) therefrom for analyzing samples (298). A sample includes a first chemical component that has a characteristic first absorption peak is provided (101). The sample is irradiated (102) in a measurement waveband proximate to the first absorption peak, and at a first and a second reference waveband where the first chemical component lacks characteristic absorption features. Reflected or transmitted detection data is obtained (103) including a measured power proximate to the first absorption peak and first and second reference powers at the reference wavebands. A plurality of different waveband ratios are evaluated (104) using pairs of detection data to generate a plurality of measured waveband ratio values. A parameter of the first chemical component is then determined (105) by evaluating a multidimensional polynomial calibration equation that relates the parameter of the first chemical component to the plurality of different waveband ratios by substituting the measured waveband ratio values into the calibration relation.