Abstract:
Non-contacting caliper measurements of free-standing sheets detect mid-IR interferometric fringes created by the reflection of light from the top and bottom surfaces of the sheet. The technique includes directing a laser beam at a selected angle of incidence onto a single spot on the exposed outer surface and scanning the laser beam through a selected wavelength range as the laser beam is directed onto the exposed outer surface and measuring the intensity of an interference pattern that forms from the superposition of radiation that is reflected from the exposed outer surface and from the inner surface. Alternatively, the intensity of an interference pattern formed from the superposition of radiation that is directly transmitted through the web and radiation that is transmitted through the web after internal reflections from the internal surfaces of the web. Thickness can be extracted from the fringe separation in the interference pattern.
Abstract:
Radiation scattering is one of the main contributors to the uncertainty of near infrared (NIR) measurements. Enhanced absorption-measurement accuracy for NIR sensors is achieved by using a combination of NIR spectroscopy and time-of-flight techniques to select photons that are the result of a given mean free path within a moving sample target. By measuring absorption as a function of path length or by windowing signals that are attributable to excessive scattering of NIR radiation within the sample, this technique affords the calculation of more accurate and more universal calibrations. The NIR sensor employs short or ultra-short laser pulses to create NIR that is directed to the moving sample and emerging radiation is detected over time. Windowing effectively truncates non-contributing measurements.
Abstract:
An air stabilization system employing two parallel, opposite-facing Coanda nozzles, with each nozzle exhausting gas at opposite directions, subjects a moving flexible web to opposing forces effective to create local tension within the web. Each nozzle includes an elongated slot that is perpendicular to the path of the moving web. The nozzles serve as separate points along the machine direction for controlling the height of the web. The operative surface with the nozzles can exhibit a flush surface. The nozzles can be formed on elevated structures on the operative surface. The operative surface can be covered with a transparent substrate to minimize shape distortions on the moving web and to prevent debris from collecting around the sensor. By modulating the velocities of gases exiting the nozzles, the shape of the web can be manipulated to present a planar contour. The air stabilization system can be incorporated into a caliper scanner.
Abstract:
An air stabilization system employing two parallel, opposite facing Coanda nozzles, that are positioned adjacent a flexible moving web, with each nozzle exhausting gas at opposite directions, subjects the moving web to opposing forces effective to stabilize the web. Each nozzle includes an elongated slot that is parallel to the path of the moving web. The two Coanda nozzles serve as separate points along the machine direction for controlling the height of the moving web. By modulating the flow, pressure and other parameters of gases exiting the Coanda nozzles, the shape of the moving web between the nozzles can be manipulated to present a planar contour for measurements. The air stabilization system can be incorporated into a scanner head to measure the caliper of paper, plastic, and other flexible web products.
Abstract:
A terahertz time-domain spectrometer scanning sensor system includes a transmitter and a receiver that are secured to a mobile scanner head. Optical pump light, in the form of short pulses launched from a stationary laser located remotely from the scanner head, is delivered to the transmitter and receiver through a controlled fiber optic cable arrangement so that variations in temporal pulse relays that are associated fiber optic transmission are minimized. In this fashion, the movement of the fiber optic cable is maneuvered along a defined path so as to control the bends in the cable and thus minimize variations in temporal delays that can otherwise arise as the pulses of light are transmitted through the fiber. Pulses of laser light launched from the laser into the optical fiber will exit the cable with consistent (i) time of arrival, (ii) phase duration, and (iii) polarization state and energy.
Abstract:
A method includes predicting measurements or states to be used by a controller (202) to control a process (204). The predicted measurements or states are generated using a model of the process (204). The method also includes providing the predicted measurements or states to the controller (202) such that the controller (202) uses the predicted measurements or states at a sampling rate of the controller (202). In addition, the method includes updating at least some of the predicted measurements or states using measurements associated with a characteristic of an item from a sensor. The model may represent a discrete time model (304), and the method may also include generating the discrete time model (304) using a continuous time model (302) of the process (204). The measurements could be received from a plurality of sensors (122, 124), where at least two of the sensors have different sampling times.
Abstract:
Disclosed is a pneumatic actuator movement indicator comprising a housing adapted to be connected in series between a pneumatic actuator and a source of pressurized fluid for the actuator, and an indicator located in, and having an equilibrium position in, the housing. The housing, includes a first chamber for placing the housing in fluid communication with said actuator at a pressure P1, and a second chamber for placing the housing in fluid communication with said source of pressurized fluid at a pressure P2. The indicator is movable in the housing in response to a difference between Pl and P2. Movement of the pneumatic actuator produces a difference between P1 and P2; and in response to this difference, the indicator moves away from its equilibrium position, indicating the movement of the pneumatic actuator.
Abstract:
A wireless position feedback device incorporated in a monitored device. The position feedback device measures a position of a moving element of the monitored device, generates a local power supply based upon local environmental characteristics and conditions. The wireless feedback device stores the local power supply for use in transmitting the measured position to a remote control system. The remote control system adjusts at least one operational parameter for the monitored device based upon the measured position.
Abstract:
A spectroscopic sensor for measuring flat sheet product is disclosed. The disclosed sensor uses a combination of spectrometers and single-channel detectors and filters together with a broadband source of illumination to optimally measure multiple properties of a flat sheet product. A spectrometer is used to measure over a spectral range where an easily configurable set of wavelength channels is needed and where the signal-to-noise ratios and spectral resolutions of the channels are consistent with the spectral range and number of pixels of the spectrometer; while one or more single channel detector and filter combinations are used to measure, with high signal-to- noise ratio, at specific wavelengths within or outside the spectral range of the spectrometer(s). Therefore, the single channel detectors can be used to complement the information provided by a spectrometer or to extend the working range of a spectrometer by providing single wavelength measurements anywhere in the visible, near-IR or mid-IR spectral regions.
Abstract:
A system includes a frame having multiple separate supports and multiple flexible rails. Each support is configured to be secured in a position apart from another support, and each flexible rail is configured to be coupled to the supports and placed under tension. The system also includes a sensor head configured to be mounted on the rails and to move back and forth along the rails. The sensor head is substantially self-contained and configured to receive operating power over the rails. The frame may further include a tensioned member configured to be coupled to the supports, and the sensor head can be configured to move back and forth using the tensioned member. The sensor head can be self-contained in that the sensor head does not push and pull any wiring assembly during movement along the rails.