Abstract:
Arrangements, apparatus and methods are provided according to exemplary embodiments of the present invention. In particular, at least one first electro-magnetic radiation may be received and at least one second electro-magnetic radiation within a solid angle may be forwarded to a sample. The second electro-magnetic radiation may be associated with the first electro-magnetic radiation. A plurality of third electro-magnetic radiations can be received from the sample which is associated with the second electro-magnetic radiation, and at least one portion of the third electro- magnetic radiation is provided outside a periphery of the solid angle. Signals associated with each of the third electro-magnetic radiations can be simultaneously detected, with the signals being associated with information for the sample at a plurality of depths thereof. The depths can be determined using at least one of the third electro-magnetic radiations without a need to utilize another one of the third electro-magnetic radiations.
Abstract:
The present invention relates to detecting and/or measuring scattering effects due to the aggregating metallic nanostructures or the interaction of plasmonic emissions from approaching metallic nanoparticles. The scattering effects may be measured at different angles, different wavelengths, changes in absorption and/or changes in polarization relative to changes in the distances between nanoparticles.
Abstract:
A scatterometer or parousiameter having a dual beam setup and method for use thereof is provided for producing measurements of optical parameters. The dual beam parousiameter includes a hemispherical dome enclosure (318) sealed at the bottom with a base (320). A radiation source (302) produces radiation in two beams, an illumination beam (304) for illuminating a sample surface (308) and a calibration beam (330) for providing optical characterization information about the illumination beam (304). Each beam is guided into the hemispherical dome enclosure (318) via separate optical paths. An optical imaging device (324) is positioned to acquire an image of scatter radiation (314) scattered by the sample surface (308) illuminated by the illumination beam (304), and acquire an image of the calibration beam, simultaneously. The calibration beam image is used to compensate for variability in optical output of the radiation source (302) when analyzing the scatter radiation data.
Abstract:
A non-invasive medical imaging technique capable of evaluating, in situ, the oxygenation state of body tissues (2) (e.g., by measuring the spectral properties of heme proteins) is described. The disclosed technique employs a multi-wavelength collimated source (1) and a collimated receiver (6) and performs a positional and angular scan of the scattered radiation for each position of the incident beam. The resultant data is evaluated by employing imaging schemes which give differential weights to the contribution of various volume elements in the medium to the detector responses at various frequencies. These measurements yield physiological information while being, for example, an indicator of physiological stress caused by disease or trauma.
Abstract:
The present invention relates to detecting and/or measuring scattering effects due to the aggregating metallic nanostructures or the interaction of plasmonic emissions from approaching metallic nanoparticles. The scattering effects may be measured at different angles, different wavelengths, changes in absorption and/or changes in polarization relative to changes in the distances between nanoparticles.
Abstract:
Angle-resolved Fourier-domain optical coherence tomography for measuring spatially-resolved angular backscattering distributions from transparent and turbid samples is presented. Speckle reduction and generating image contrast are shown. A wave length- swept laser source and line- scan camera are used. The input beam on the sample to be measured is collimated, with the reference beam being spatially expanded. The backscattered light from the sample interferes with the spatially expanded reference beam.
Abstract:
Bei einer Messanordnung mit einer Strahlungsquelle (1), einer dieser nachgeordneten Ablenkeinrichtung (5), die mit einem von der Strahlungsquelle (1) ausgehenden Strahl (2) beaufschlagbar ist und diesen zeitlich nacheinander in unterschiedliche Richtungen abgelenkt, und weiter mit einer ersten und einer zweiten Optikeinrichtung (9, 10) sowie einem Detektor (6), wobei die erste Optikeinrichtung (9) die von der Ablenkeinrichtung (5) kommenden Strahlen jeweils als Messstrahl auf einen Punkt (P) einer in einer Messposition anzuordnenden Probe (11) derart umlenkt, dass der Einfallswinkel des Messstrahls auf die Probe (11) in Abhängigkeit der Richtung variiert, und wobei von der Probe (11) aufgrund der Wechselwirkung der Messstrahlen mit der Probe ausgehende Probenstrahlen mittels der Wechselwirkung der Messstrahlen mit der Probe ausgehende Probenstrahlen mittels der zweiten Optikeinrichtung (10) auf den Detektor (11) umlenkt werden, weist zumindest eine der beiden Optikeinrichtungen (9, 10) ein diffraktives Element (7) zur Umlenkung auf, das die aus unterschiedlichen Richtungen einfallenden Strahlen derart beugt, dass die gebeugten Strahlen einer vorbestimmten Beugungsordnung in einen Punkt (P, D) fokussiert werden.
Abstract:
Apparatus for the analysis of individual particle characteristics from an aerosol or other suspension of particles includes: a scattering chamber (15) including an ellipsoidal reflector (17) having an orifice therein leading to a rear chamber (20); a monochromatic light source (10) adapted to transmit a collimated beam of light (11) along the main axis of the reflector (17); means (26, 27) for directing a stream of the particles through the beam of light (11) as substantially the main focus (60) of the reflector (17); a ccd video recorder (36) having a two dimensional array of a multitude of sensors arranged to image light scattered from a particle in the stream of particles; an optical system (17, 32, 33, 34) arranged to collect the scattered light from a solid angle of at least 3. around the region where the particle stream crosses the light beam (11); and a data processor (37). The detector (36) is associated with an imaging screen (35) positioned such that rays of light scattered from the particle and imaged thereon by the optical system (17, 32, 33, 34) are monotonically ordered with respect to the angle of scattering of the rays from the particle, the rear chamber (20) contains sensor means (25) for sensing scattered light not collected by the optical means (17, 32, 33, 34) and thereby determining the presence of a particle in the beam of light (11), the means (25) forming part of a trigger for triggering the video camera (36) to store an image associated with the particle, and the data processor (37) is adapted to compare parameters of the image with parameters stored in a memory to determine the nature of the particle.
Abstract:
A method and equipment, with the help of which the gloss can be measured from different kinds of surfaces as well in laboratory conditions as on-line. The present methods and equipments are inaccurate and undependable in particular in factory conditions. According to the invention the with a light partitioning device (5) cut-off visible light is directed from one or several incoming angles radially in the same point on a plane, which is perpendicular to the surface to be measured. In order to determine the gloss out of the surface to be examined (1) the total amount of the specular reflection component and the diffused light component is measured with a light detection apparatus system (9), which is on the same plane with the incoming rays of light. The diffused light component is measured with a light detection apparatus system (13), which is mounted in such a manner, that it sees the lighted part of the surface to be examined from such an angle, that the seeing of the specular reflection is geometrically impossible. The gloss is obtained by calculation from the measuring reception range of the gloss measuring apparatus system the percentile proportion of the specular reflection component by taking advantage of the value of the measured diffused light component. To the equipment in accordance with the invention belong the light source (2, 3, 4), the partitioning device of light (5), the devices (7, 8) for leading of the light to the material web and at least one in the gloss angle positioned light detector (12) and at least one in such an angle positioned light detector, from which the seeing of the specular reflection is impossible.
Abstract:
Measurement device for the detection and/or analysis of fluid-borne particles, the measurement device comprising means (1, 1') for producing a flow of fluid along a fluid flow path, a laser (2) positioned for emitting a beam (20) of laser light in a measurement volume of the fluid flow path; a lens set (3) for collecting laser light (23) scattered in the measurement volume by fluid-borne particles (9) contained in the flow of fluid, a photo-detector (4) positioned for the detection of scattered laser light (23) collected by the lens set (3), wherein the lens set (3) is configured for focusing the scattered light (23) in a line at a focal distance (f2) of the lens set (3), said line being perpendicular to a flow direction (y) of the flow of fluid in said measurement volume; and wherein the photo-detector (4) is a linear multipixel detector for capturing the laser light focused by the lens set (3), wherein said linear multipixel detector (4) is positioned at a distance from the focal distance (f2) of the lens set (3) and oriented with its longitudinal axis parallel to said line. Measurement method for the detection and/or analysis of fluid-borne particles, comprising the steps of producing a flow of fluid along a fluid flow path, said flow of fluid potentially containing fluid-borne particles (9) to be detected; emitting a beam (20) of laser light in a measurement volume of the fluid flow path; collecting laser light (23) scattered in the measurement volume by fluid-borne particles (9) contained in the flow of fluid and focusing said scattered light in a line at a focal distance (f2), said line being perpendicular to a flow direction (y) of the flow of fluid in said measurement volume; capturing the collected and focused scattered laser light (23) with a linear multipixel photo-detector (4) positioned at a distance from the focal distance (f2) and oriented with its longitudinal axis parallel to said line; repeating the steps of emitting, collecting and capturing a plurality of times during the time of crossing the measurement volume by an individual fluid-borne particle (9) of the smallest size measured by the measurement method.