摘要:
A photosemiconductor electrode (400) of the present invention includes a conductor (410) and a photosemiconductor layer (first semiconductor layer) (420) provided on the conductor (410). The photosemiconductor layer (420) includes a photosemiconductor (e.g., a photosemiconductor film (421)) and an oxide containing iridium element (e.g., iridium oxide (422)). The Fermi level of the oxide containing iridium element is more negative than the Fermi level of the photosemiconductor and is more negative than -4.44 eV, with respect to the vacuum level.
摘要:
A by-product elimination device used in a power generation system includes a fuel pack provided with a fuel charged portion having a power generation fluid fuel containing hydrogen, and a power generation module which detachably attached to the fuel pack, the module including a reforming portion which transforms the power generation fuel supplied from the charged portion into first gas containing hydrogen gas and carbon dioxide, and a fuel cell which generates an electrical energy by using the hydrogen gas. The device includes an absorbent charged portion which selectively absorbs carbon dioxide contained in the first gas and feeds second gas whose carbon dioxide concentration is lowered by the first gas to the fuel cell.
摘要:
A fuel cell module is configured or operated, or both, such that after a shut down procedure a fuel cell stack is discharged and has its cathode electrodes at least partially blanketed with nitrogen during at least some periods of time. If the fuel cell module is restarted in this condition, electrochemical reactions are limited and do not quickly re-charge the fuel cell stack. To decrease start up time, air is moved into the cathode electrodes before the stack is re-charged. The air may be provided by a pump, fan or blower driven by a battery or by the flow or pressure of stored hydrogen. For example, an additional fan or an operating blower may be driven by a battery until the fuel cell stack is able to supply sufficient current to drive the operating blower for normal operation.
摘要:
An energy collection system may collect and use the energy generated by an electric field. Collection fibers are suspended from a support wire system supported by poles. The support wire system is electrically connected to a load by a connecting wire. The collection fibers may be made of any conducting material, but carbon and graphite are preferred. Diodes may be used to restrict the backflow or loss of energy.
摘要:
An arrangement is disclosed for reducing use for safety gases in a high temperature fuel cell system, each fuel cell in the fuel cell system including an anode side, a cathode side, and an electrolyte between the anode side and the cathode side. The fuel cells can be arranged in fuel cell stacks. The fuel cell system can include a fuel cell system piping for reactants, and feeding of fuel to the anode sides of the fuel cells. Electrical anode protection can be achieved by supplying a predefined voltage separately to at least two fuel cell stacks or groups of fuel cell stacks to prohibit oxidation of anodes.
摘要:
The controller (185) of a fuel cell stack (151 ) in a vehicle (150) responds to lower demand to cause a diverter (172) to direct all air from the cathodes (19) except as required to generate sufficient power to limit cell voltage to a safe idle voltage threshold, cause storage in an energy storage system (201 ) sufficient to limit cell voltage to the idle voltage threshold unless SOC is too high, connects a voltage limiting load (220) to the stack sized to consume all power not consumed by auxiliary BOP, or, for longer idles, air- starves the stack and powers BOP from storage. In response to increase in a demand signal, the controller causes flow of all air to the cathodes. In response to an off signal (223) or a start signal (193) the controller causes a shutdown routine or a startup routine in each of which all generated power is stored to maintain fuel cell voltage below a threshold, or is consumed in the voltage limiting load.