Abstract:
In x-ray fluorescence systems, the screening prevents the bringing of the measurement spot into the correct position in relation to the x-ray beam using the naked eye. The use of a television camera with a screen as well as illuminating devices makes the measuring system expensive and complicates the use of the system. According to the invention, this is avoided in that use is made of an illuminated device, which operates using an optical system and which reproduces, by convergent light beams at their intersection, the correct height position, lateral position and forward/rearward position of the measurement object when the tray carrying the measurement object has been moved to a forward position away from the x-ray beam.
Abstract:
Non-destructive methods of measurement for determining the thickness of thin layers, using the magneto-inductive method or the eddy-current method yield measured values which depend not only on the actual layer thickness present, but also on the shape of the measured object. It is the object of the invention to specify in a simple way, and without it being necessary for an operator to change his way of thinking, a device and a method in accordance with which the layer thickness indicated is virtually independent of the shape of the measured object. With regard to the device, this is achieved according to the invention when the probe has at least two different coil devices and, with regard to the method, when a corrected layer thickness is calculated from the different measured values of the two coil devices.
Abstract:
In known probes for measuring thin layers, a convex end face presses indentations into the thin layer material being measured, which can falsify the measurement result. The indentation come from the energy destroyed during application, which originates partly from the mass of the probe body and cable. In order to reduce the mass of a probe body upon impact of the probe against a thin material layer being measured as far as possible to zero, a half-pot core together with a coil is made independent and connected compliantly, but returnably, by springs to a probe body. The influence of a probe cable is eliminated by providing in the probe body an active circuit that emits at its output a coded signal that is a function of the layer thickness.
Abstract:
Measuring instruments for coulometrically measuring the thickness of metallic coatings pump the electrolyte from the first chamber 11 into the second chamber 12 and vice versa during the measurement. As a result, fresh electrolyte constantly reaches the measuring spot below the outlet orifice 7 and the troublesome formation of gas bubbles at this measuring spot is completely or substantially reduced. If the probe 3 is, however, inadvertently lifted off the coating 2, the pumped electrolyte spurts at high speed out of the outlet orifice 7. As a result, personnel and also material may suffer damage. The disposal presents difficulties. As a solution, provision is made for the entire system to employ underpressure and the maximum pressure occurring in chamber 11 or 12 is less than the external pressure. If the probe 3 is now inadvertently lifted during the measurement process, the electrolyte is sucked back into the first chamber 11 and/or the second chamber 12 and nothing is contaminated.
Abstract:
For obtaining a damped movement into the opened position in a glove compartment lid in a motor vehicle, a piston-cylinder unit constructed as brake is provided whose piston rod is operatively connected with a retaining member pivotally connected at the glove compartment lid. The air compressed during the opening operation by the piston leaves through a calibrated opening into the free atmosphere.
Abstract:
A guidance arm guides a penetrating body into solid materials. An electromotive drive connected to the guidance arm urges the penetrating body with a specific, but variable force onto the surface of the material. A suspended distance-measuring device has a probe rigidly connected to a backlash-free follower and a metallic substrate with an inert coating connected to the guidance arm. The follower is finely adjusted in the direction of motion of the penetrating body, and is switched off when the penetrating body has been set down onto the material and the distance-measuring device measures a prespecified distance. A voltage output representing the depth of penetration is fed from the distance-measuring device to an electrical evaluation circuit.
Abstract:
A plate heat exchanger where a number of heat exchange plates of two different types are clamped between two massive pressure plates. The heat exchanger plates are provided with a first flow zone surrounded by an edge seal having first passage openings for a first fluid medium. The heat exchanger plates are further provided with a second flow zone having second passage openings surrounded by an annular seal for a second fluid medium outside of the first flow zone. The annular seal is embedded in a first reinforcing seam having a bottom wall and upwardly and outwardly tapering side walls. The heat exchanger plates further include a bottom plate adjoining the annular seal and which is provided with a second reinforcing seam disposed parallel and below the first reinforcing seam and which broadens in an upward direction. The second reinforcing seam is provided with a plurality of supporting bulges extending into and narrowing the second reinforcing seam. The supporting bulges are in contact with the bottom wall of the first reinforcing seam. The first flow zone is in part defined by the bottom plate and the bottom wall of the first reinforcing seam. The first fluid medium flows under the annular seal and simultaneously between the supporting bulges. A second seal spaced from the annular seal having the same characteristics as the annular seal is preferably provided.
Abstract:
A circuit arrangement for testing operating functions in motor vehicles by means of parallel circuits which contain at least one switching element conductive during a normal operating function and one control lamp and which are adapted to be closed by a test switch, and with one transmitter each coordinated to the operating functions which automatically triggers a warning indication with abnormal operating functions; at least one warning lamp for the warning indication which is independent of the control lamps is thereby provided in the circuit arrangement.