摘要:
A method of reading surface levels of a field defined on a substrate using a sensing apparatus having at least one cell array composed of a plurality of cells, in which some of the cells constituting the at least one cell array are selected and designated as available cells. Light is radiated onto a surface of the field. Light reflected to the available cells from the surface is sensed to extract available level signals. The available level signals may be calculated to read the surface level of the field. The surface level of the field are used in a method of controlling the level of an exposure apparatus controlling the substrate mounted on a leveling stage in up, down, right, left, front, back, and rotational directions using the surface level.
摘要:
Disclosed is a method for optically resolving a racemic &agr;-substituted heterocyclic carboxylic acid (&agr;-HCCA) by taking advantage of enantioselectivity of enzymes. &agr;-HCCA is reacted with alcohol to give a racemic &agr;-HCCA ester, which is then reacted with an enzyme with enantioselectivity, whereby either R-form or S-form of the racemate is hydrolyzed. Extraction with an organic solvent can obtain enantiomers of the &agr;-HCCA ester. The extracted enantiomeric &agr;-HCCA ester is converted to enantiomeric &agr;-HCCA by catalytic hydrogenation in an organic solution or by enzymatic hydrolysis in an aqueous solution. Thus, a racemic mixture of &agr;-HCCA can be optically resolved with high optical purity at high yields as well as at low cost.
摘要:
Provided is a nonvolatile memory device having a three dimensional structure. The nonvolatile memory device includes a plurality of stacked semiconductor layers and a plurality of memory cell transistors which is formed on each of a plurality of semiconductor layers and serially connected. Memory cell transistors disposed on different semiconductor layers are serially connected to include one cell string forming a current path in a plurality of semiconductor layers, a first selection transistor serially connected to one edge portion of the cell string and a second selection transistor serially connected to the other edge portion of the cell string.
摘要:
A liquid crystal display (LCD) device includes: a liquid crystal panel; a plurality of fluorescent lamps disposed under the liquid crystal panel, supplying light to the liquid crystal panel, and having electrodes provided at both ends thereof; a balance printed circuit board (PCB) disposed at both ends of the plurality of fluorescent lamps and including a clip fastened to be electrically connected with the electrodes of the fluorescent lamps; a power supply line printed on the balance PCB so as to be electrically connected to the clip and supplying power to the electrodes of the fluorescent lamps; a first voltage induction line printed with a first area on the balance PCB at a first interval from the power supply line; a second voltage induction line printed with a second area on the balance PCB at a second interval from the power supply line; and a light emitting diode (LED) mounted on the balance PCB and having an anode connected to the first voltage induction line and a cathode connected to the second voltage induction line, wherein the first area is larger than the second area, the first interval is smaller than the second interval, the power supply line and the first voltage induction line form a first capacitor, and the power supply line and the second voltage induction line form a second capacitor.
摘要:
Disclosed is a technology for implementing a high contrast ratio that cannot be implemented by only an analog dimming or burst dimming method, by selectively turning off lamps on the LCD device, comprising: a control unit outputting control signals and video data for controlling a driving of a gate driving unit and a data driving unit, and brightness control signals; the gate driving unit for supplying scan signals to gate lines on a liquid crystal panel by controlling of the control unit and the data driving unit for supplying a data voltage to data lines; the liquid crystal panel having liquid crystal cells arranged in a matrix type and thin film transistors formed at each intersection between the data lines and the gate lines; a backlight driving unit for controlling an optical amount by controlling a tube current supplied to lamps on a backlight unit and for selectively turning off the lamps when the brightness control signals are inputted; and the backlight unit for implementing a high brightness with respect to a dark area by irradiating a backlight having a brightness corresponding to light from the lamps emitted by the backlight driving unit toward the liquid crystal panel, and turning off some of the lamps.
摘要:
Disclosed is a method for preparing an R- or S-forms of &agr;-substituted heterocyclic carboxylic acid (&agr;-HCCA) and a counter enantiomeric form of &agr;-substituted heterocyclic carboxylic acid ester thereto by use of an enzyme. A racemic &agr;-HCCA is reacted with alcohol to give a racemic &agr;-HCCA ester, which is then brought into contact with an enzyme with enantioselectivity, whereby either R-form or S-form of the racemate is hydrolyzed. Extraction with an organic solvent can obtain enantiomers of the &agr;-HCCA ester. Thus, a certain enantiomeric form of &agr;-HCCA and a counter enantiomeric form of &agr;-HCCA ester thereto, respectively can be prepared with high optical purity at high yields as well as at low cost.