公开(公告)号：US5166749A

公开(公告)日：1992-11-24

申请号：US704304

申请日：1991-05-22

Applicant: Raul Curbelo ,  David B. Johnson

Inventor： Raul Curbelo ,  David B. Johnson

IPC: G01B9/02 ,  G01B11/00 ,  G01J3/45 ,  G01J3/453 ,  G05B19/39 ,  G05D3/12

CPC classification number: G05B19/39 ,  G01J3/4535

Abstract: A fast and effective way to step a relative position quantity by a reference interval. Each step in relative position includes open-loop and closed-loop control intervals. The invention contemplates an actuator capable of changing the relative position and a closed loop servo that acts on the actuator to keep the relative position centered on the nearest one of a series of reference values separated by the reference interval. The actuator is preferably capable of a fast response. Stepping the relative position is accomplished as follows, assuming an initial condition where the servo has locked the relative position to a particular initial reference value. First, the actuator is caused to change the relative position by an amount approximately equal to the reference interval in a manner that the servo cannot track the change, such as by disabling the servo. Servo control is then re-established, at which point the servo operates to keep the relative position centered on the nearest reference value. Servo control is maintained until a new step is required, at which time the process is repeated.

Abstract translation: 以相对位置数量为基准的一个快速而有效的方法。 相对位置的每个步骤包括开环和闭环控制间隔。 本发明考虑到能够改变相对位置的致动器和作用在致动器上的闭环伺服，以将相对位置保持在以基准间隔分开的一系列参考值中的最接近的位置为中心。 致动器优选地能够快速响应。 假设相对位置的步进如下，假定伺服器已将相对位置锁定到特定的初始参考值的初始状态。 首先，使得致动器以伺服不能跟踪变化的方式（例如通过禁用伺服）来将相对位置改变大约等于参考间隔的量。 然后重新建立伺服控制，此时伺服操作，以使相对位置以最近的参考值为中心。 维持伺服控制直到需要新的步骤，此时重复该过程。

公开(公告)号：US4828367A

公开(公告)日：1989-05-09

申请号：US156258

申请日：1988-02-16

Applicant: Raul Curbelo ,  David C. Brown

Inventor： Raul Curbelo ,  David C. Brown

IPC: G01B9/02 ,  G01J3/45 ,  G01J3/453 ,  G01J9/02 ,  G02B7/00 ,  G02B7/182

CPC classification number: G02B7/1828 ,  G01J3/4535

Abstract: An interferometer bearing assembly including a fixed glass rail, a movable carriage that carries both the movable interferometer mirror and the drive coil for the linear motor, and a mechanism for biasing the carriage onto the rail. The glass rail has two optically flat faces defining a normally horizontal line of intersection. The carriage is a rigid structure with plastic surface portions that provide a bearing interface for contacting the flat faces of the glass rail. To improve stability and reduce the possibility of any transverse movement, the carriage is downward biased, preferably by providing an overlying glass plate with a downwardly-facing flat surface, and mounting a spring-loaded plastic element to the top of the carriage. The plastic element contacts (and slides along) the flat glass surface and transmits a downward force to the carriage.

Abstract translation: 包括固定玻璃轨道的干涉仪轴承组件，承载用于线性电动机的可移动干涉仪反射镜和驱动线圈的可移动滑架以及用于将滑架偏置在轨道上的机构。 玻璃导轨具有两个光学平面，用于限定正常水平的交叉线。 滑架是具有塑料表面部分的刚性结构，其提供用于接触玻璃导轨的平坦表面的支承界面。 为了提高稳定性并降低任何横向移动的可能性，滑架向下偏置，优选地通过提供具有向下的平坦表面的上覆的玻璃板，并将弹簧加载的塑料元件安装到滑架的顶部。 塑料元件与扁平玻璃表面接触（并滑动）并向托架传递向下的力。

公开(公告)号：US4616329A

公开(公告)日：1986-10-07

申请号：US526663

申请日：1983-08-26

Applicant: David Abrams ,  Raul Curbelo ,  R. Brough Turner

Inventor： David Abrams ,  Raul Curbelo ,  R. Brough Turner

IPC: H03M1/00 ,  G05B1/00 ,  H03K13/02

CPC classification number: H03M1/10

Abstract: Apparatus and method for calibrating an adaptive ranging A/D converter wherein a noise having known statistical properties is deliberately superposed on the reference DC signals used to calibrate the gain-ranging amplifier. The amplitude of the noise is chosen to be greater than at least one, and preferably several, least significant digits of the A/D converter at the lowest anticipated gain, yet preferably less than half the counting range of the converter at the highest gain. The reference DC signal levels are chosen to be spaced from the minimum and maximum count of the A/D at the lowest and highest anticipated gains by better than half the noise amplitude. A time average of a series of measurements of the noisy reference signals as amplified and digitized by the system are obtained. The statistical properties of the noise generator permits the system output corresponding to the reference signals to be determined to a greater accuracy than the resolution of the A/D, thereby allowing the gain and offset of the gain-ranging amplifier to be determined with greater precision than is possible by injecting noiseless DC signals alone.

Abstract translation: 用于校准自适应测距A / D转换器的装置和方法，其中具有已知统计特性的噪声故意叠加在用于校准增益测距放大器的参考DC信号上。 选择噪声的幅度大于A / D转换器的最低预期增益的至少一个，优选几个最低有效位，但优选地小于最大增益下转换器的计数范围的一半。 参考直流信号电平选择为在最低和最高预期增益下的A / D的最小和最大计数优于噪声幅度的一半。 获得系统放大和数字化的噪声参考信号的一系列测量的时间平均值。 噪声发生器的统计特性允许将与参考信号对应的系统输出确定为比A / D的分辨率更高的精度，从而允许以更高精度确定增益测距放大器的增益和偏移 比通过单独注入无噪声直流信号更可能。

公开(公告)号：US06921910B2

公开(公告)日：2005-07-26

申请号：US10626094

申请日：2003-07-24

Applicant: Raul Curbelo

Inventor： Raul Curbelo

IPC: G01J3/10 ,  F21H5/00

CPC classification number: G01J3/108

Abstract: A source for reducing drift of a hot spot by producing infrared (IR) light with an insulating housing; an electrical power supply; first and second resistance elements having first and second resistivities; a third resistance element having a third resistivity; the third resistance element disposed between the first and second resistance elements, with the resistivity of the third resistance element having a value greater than the resistivity of both the first and second resistance elements. Alternatively, the first and second resistance elements can have cross-sectional areas that are greater than that of the third resistance. A method of reducing drift of a hot spot in a radiating element of a source of IR illumination by applying constant polarity substantially constant direct current from the power supply and reversing polarity in less than 24 hours, by a square wave AC source, or a Class E amplifier at constant power.

Abstract translation: 通过用绝缘壳体产生红外（IR）光来减少热点漂移的源头; 电源; 具有第一和第二电阻率的第一和第二电阻元件; 具有第三电阻率的第三电阻元件; 所述第三电阻元件设置在所述第一和第二电阻元件之间，所述第三电阻元件的电阻率具有大于所述第一和第二电阻元件的电阻率的值。 或者，第一和第二电阻元件可以具有大于第三电阻的横截面面积。 一种减少IR照明源的辐射元件中的热点漂移的方法，通过在不到24小时的时间内通过方波AC电源或类别来施加来自电源的恒定极性基本恒定的直流电流和反转极性 E放大器恒功率。

公开(公告)号：US6141100A

公开(公告)日：2000-10-31

申请号：US116191

申请日：1998-07-15

Applicant: E. Michael Burka ,  Raul Curbelo

Inventor： E. Michael Burka ,  Raul Curbelo

IPC: G01N21/27 ,  G01J3/28 ,  G01J3/42 ,  G01N21/55 ,  G01J3/45

CPC classification number: G01J3/42 ,  G01J3/2823 ,  G01N21/552 ,  G01J3/0208 ,  G01J3/021

Abstract: Method and apparatus for providing an imaging attenuated total reflection (ATR) spectrometer which provides faster measurement speed and better spatial resolution than systems collecting an equivalent amount of data using conventional, non-imaging ATR methods and systems. Apparatus includes a radiation source, an interferometer coupled to the radiation source which produces a spectrally-multiplexed input beam of radiation, an internal reflection element (IRE) engaging a sample-under-test, a focal plane array detector, a first optical system adapted and positioned to direct and concentrate the input beam through the rear surface of the IRE towards a contact area of the sample such that an angle of incidence of said input beam at the front surface is equal to or greater than the critical angle for the IRE, and a second optical system adapted and positioned to collect reflected radiation from the contact area and image the same onto the focal plane array detector.

Abstract translation: 用于提供成像衰减全反射（ATR）光谱仪的方法和装置，其提供比使用常规的非成像ATR方法和系统收集等量数据的系统的更快的测量速度和更好的空间分辨率。 设备包括辐射源，耦合到辐射源的干涉仪，其产生光谱复用的输入射线束，接合待测样本的内部反射元件（IRE），焦平面阵列检测器，适于 并且定位成将输入光束通过IRE的后表面引导并集中到样品的接触区域，使得前表面处的所述输入光束的入射角等于或大于IRE的临界角， 以及第二光学系统，其适于并定位成收集来自接触区域的反射辐射并将其图像到焦平面阵列检测器上。

公开(公告)号：US6043884A

公开(公告)日：2000-03-28

申请号：US123823

申请日：1998-07-28

Applicant: Raul Curbelo

Inventor： Raul Curbelo

IPC: G01N29/00 ,  G01J3/447 ,  G01N21/00 ,  G01N21/17 ,  G01B9/02

CPC classification number: G01J3/447 ,  G01N21/1702

Abstract: A technique for extracting the impulse response of a sample of interest includes corresponding measurements made with the sample of interest and a reference sample. At each of a series of steps in an FT-IR spectrometer, the sample of interest is illuminated with an excitation pulse of infrared radiation, acoustic signals having a time dependence o.sub.S (t) arising from the excitation pulse are captured, and a Fourier transform O.sub.S of o.sub.S (t) is computed. At each of a series of steps in the FT-IR spectrometer, the reference sample is illuminated with an excitation pulse of analytic radiation, acoustic signals having a time dependence O.sub.R (t) arising from the excitation pulse are captured, and a Fourier transform O.sub.R of o.sub.R (t) is computed. For each step, an inverse Fourier transform of the ratio O.sub.S /O.sub.R is computed to provide a series of values s(t.sub.i) for a series of times t.sub.i. These values s(t.sub.i) represent the impulse response s(t) of the sample of interest for the mix of optical frequencies for that retardation value. Interferograms are processed to provide photoacoustic spectra.

Abstract translation: 用于提取感兴趣样本的脉冲响应的技术包括用感兴趣的样本和参考样本进行的相应测量。 在FT-IR光谱仪中的一系列步骤中，利用红外辐射的激发脉冲照射感兴趣的样品，捕获由激发脉冲产生的具有时间依赖性oS（t）的声学信号，并且进行傅立叶变换 计算oS（t）的OS。 在FT-IR光谱仪中的一系列步骤中，用分析辐射的激发脉冲照射参考样品，捕获由激发脉冲产生的具有时间依赖性OR（t）的声信号，并且傅立叶变换OR 计算oR（t）。 对于每个步骤，计算比率OS / OR的逆傅立叶变换以提供一系列时间ti的一系列值s（ti）。 这些值s（ti）表示用于该延迟值的光学频率混合的感兴趣样本的脉冲响应s（t）。 处理干涉图以提供光声谱。

公开(公告)号：US6025913A

公开(公告)日：2000-02-15

申请号：US130194

申请日：1998-08-05

Applicant: Raul Curbelo

Inventor： Raul Curbelo

IPC: G01B9/02 ,  G01J3/447 ,  G01J3/45 ,  G01J3/453 ,  G01N21/17 ,  G01N21/19 ,  G01N21/21 ,  G01N21/27 ,  G01N21/35

CPC classification number: G01N21/1702 ,  G01J3/447 ,  G01J3/453

Abstract: Digital signal proceessing (DSP) techiques for performing multiple modulation measurements with a polarization photoelastic modulator (PEM) in a step-scanning FT-IR spectrometer. The frequency and phase of the PEM drive signal are extracted from the digitized data collected for the actual measurement. This can then be used to perform the desired analysis of the polarization signals (e.g., CD,LD, DIRLD). This is accomplished by successively refining an initial estimate of the PEM frequency (typically starting at the nominal PEM frequency .omega..sub.0, or at the value determined from the previous step). This is done by using the current estimate of the PEM frequency to compute a phase error, and then using the computed phase error to refine the estimate of the PEM frequency. The phase errors are computed using different sets of samples in the sampling interval.

Abstract translation: 数字信号处理（DSP）技术，用于在步进扫描FT-IR光谱仪中用偏振光弹性调制器（PEM）进行多次调制测量。 从为实际测量收集的数字化数据中提取PEM驱动信号的频率和相位。 然后可以将其用于执行偏振信号（例如，CD，LD，DIRLD）的所需分析。 这是通过连续地改进PEM频率的初始估计（通常以标称PEM频率ω0开始，或以从前一步骤确定的值）来完成的。 这通过使用PEM频率的当前估计来计算相位误差来完成，然后使用计算出的相位误差来细化PEM频率的估计。 在采样间隔内使用不同的样本集来计算相位误差。

公开(公告)号：US5835213A

公开(公告)日：1998-11-10

申请号：US712940

申请日：1996-09-13

Applicant: Raul Curbelo

Inventor： Raul Curbelo

IPC: G01B9/00 ,  G01B11/00 ,  G01J3/28 ,  G01J3/45 ,  G01J3/453 ,  G01B9/02

CPC classification number: G01J3/453 ,  G01J2003/2866

Abstract: For a step-scanning Fourier transform spectrometer comprising an interferometer, a detector, and a digital signal processor (DSP), a method for measuring a response of a sample to multiple modulations is disclosed. In one embodiment, the method comprises the steps of utilizing the DSP to measure a phase modulation angle and a sample modulation angle; obtain an interferogram that corresponds to a calibrated static sample response by using the measured phase modulation rotation angle; obtain another interferogram which corresponds to the calibrated dynamic sample response by using both the measured phase and sample modulation rotation angles; and computing one or more spectra from the interferograms which indicates the calibrated response of said sample to the multiple modulations.

Abstract translation: 对于包括干涉仪，检测器和数字信号处理器（DSP）的步进扫描傅立叶变换光谱仪，公开了一种用于测量样本对多个调制的响应的方法。 在一个实施例中，该方法包括以下步骤：利用DSP来测量相位调制角度和采样调制角度; 通过使用测量的相位调制旋转角度获得对应于校准的静态样本响应的干涉图; 通过使用测量的相位和样本调制旋转角度来获得对应于校准的动态样本响应的另一干涉图; 以及从干涉图计算一个或多个光谱，其指示所述样本对多个调制的校准响应。

公开(公告)号：US4958308A

公开(公告)日：1990-09-18

申请号：US260835

申请日：1988-10-21

Applicant: Raul Curbelo

Inventor： Raul Curbelo

IPC: H03M1/20

CPC classification number: H03M1/201

Abstract: The present invention provides a technique for improving the resolution of an A/D converter. The input analog signal is sampled to generate an analog level and the analog level is held for an interval. A random noise signal having zero average value is superimposed on the held level to generate a fluctuating voltage. This fluctuating voltage is then sampled a plurality of at least N times, and N sampled values are communicated to the A/D converter so that N digitized values are generated. These digitized values are averaged to provide an output having a digitization error reduced by a factor of N.sup.1/2.

Abstract translation: 本发明提供了一种用于提高A / D转换器的分辨率的技术。 输入模拟信号被采样以产生模拟电平，并且模拟电平保持一段间隔。 将具有零平均值的随机噪声信号叠加在保持电平上以产生波动电压。 然后对该波动电压进行多次采样至少N次，并且将N个采样值传送到A / D转换器，从而生成N个数字化值。 这些数字化值被平均以提供具有减小因子N1 / 2的数字化误差的输出。