Abstract:
A tool having two current electrodes, three or more voltage electrodes, and a measurement device capable of making electrical measurements is provided, along with a sample. With electrical connectivity to the sample, one current electrode is disposed at one location on the sample while the other current electrode is disposed at another location on the sample, and the three or more voltage electrodes are disposed on the sample intermediate the two current electrodes. An electric current is passed through the sample. The measurement device is used to make a first set of electrical measurements that involve a first pair of voltage electrodes and to make a second set of electrical measurements that involve a second pair of voltage electrodes. The first set of electrical measurements is compared to the second set of electrical measurements. It is inferred whether the sample has heterogeneous electrical properties using the compared electrical measurements.
Abstract:
A tool having an energy source and a surface roughness measurement device is provided. A baseline measurement of surface roughness of a sample is made. The sample is then exposed to energy from the energy source, causing the temperature of the sample to increase. A second measurement of surface roughness of the sample is made. The change in surface roughness of the sample is determined. Formation properties such as the total organic carbon in the sample is inferred based on the determined change in surface roughness of the sample. The tool may be disposed in a wellbore and may use packers to isolate a portion of the wellbore, or it may use a hydraulic seal on an extendible member to isolate a sample portion of the wellbore wall. The energy source may be a laser that produces radiation that selectively heats a particular component of the sample constituent material.
Abstract:
Fracture monitoring is provided. In one possible implementation, a smart proppant bead includes electronic functionality, a transmitter, a sensor and a power source. In another possible implementation, a smart proppant bead includes electronic functionality, a transmitter, a receiver, a sensor and a power source. In yet another possible implementation, a smart proppant bead includes a computer-readable tangible medium with instructions directing a processor to receive an activation signal and access identification information associated with the smart proppant bead. Additional instructions direct a transmitter on the smart proppant bead to transmit the identification information associated with the smart proppant bead.
Abstract:
A tool having two current electrodes, three or more voltage electrodes, and a measurement device capable of making electrical measurements is provided, along with a sample. With electrical connectivity to the sample, one current electrode is disposed at one location on the sample while the other current electrode is disposed at another location on the sample, and the three or more voltage electrodes are disposed on the sample intermediate the two current electrodes. An electric current is passed through the sample. The measurement device is used to make a first set of electrical measurements that involve a first pair of voltage electrodes and to make a second set of electrical measurements that involve a second pair of voltage electrodes. The first set of electrical measurements is compared to the second set of electrical measurements. It is inferred whether the sample has heterogeneous electrical properties using the compared electrical measurements.
Abstract:
The wettability of a formation may be estimated using a multi-frequency dielectric measurement tool. Multi-frequency dielectric dispersion measurements are made using the multi-frequency dielectric measurement tool on a sample. The bulk density and the total porosity of the sample are also otherwise acquired. The bulk density, matrix permittivity, total porosity, and multi-frequency dielectric dispersion measurements are input into a petrophysical dielectric model and the petrophysical dielectric model is applied to obtain inversion results. A wettability state of the sample is determined using the inversion results and one or more reservoir management decisions are made based on the determined wettability state of the sample. A non-transitory, computer-readable storage medium may be provided that has stored on it one or more programs that provide instructions. The instructions are executed by a processor and cause the processor to develop an estimation of formation wettability that may be used for reservoir management.
Abstract:
An intelligent completion module includes a flowmeter that uses one or more electromagnetic acoustic transducer (EMAT) sensors and a flow control valve. The flow rate and the speed of sound in the production fluid from a production zone is measured and used to make reservoir management decisions. The flowmeter includes at least two EMAT rings, including one or more EMAT sensors in a circular distribution which can be used in propagation or pulse-echo modes. In a segregated flow regime, a single EMAT sensor in pulse-echo mode is used to measure holdups of fluid components.
Abstract:
A system having an NMR measurement device make measurements on a region of investigation in which an NMR-active fluid has been injected. A source of the NMR-active fluid (e.g., methane) is provided, and the pressure of the region of investigation may be monitored. A sealing apparatus serves to isolate the region of investigation. A parameter is estimating using the obtained measurement. The parameter estimated may include the inter-granular porosity, intra-kerogen porosity, kerogen maturity, free gas volume, and/or adsorbed gas volume. A baseline measurement may be made prior to injecting the NMR-active fluid, and the region of investigation may be evacuated before injecting the NMR-active fluid. The obtained T2 distribution can be resolved and each peak attributed to different constituent sources of the signal. The system can be conveyed into a wellbore using a drillstring, a wireline, a slickline, or a coil tubing.
Abstract:
A scratch tester has at least one cutter that moves simultaneously both rotationally and axially relative to the rock it is cutting. When rotational and axial movements are constant, the cutter generates a helical groove in the rock. In borehole embodiments, the scratch tester is fixed at a desired location using centralizers, and the cutter is provided on a motorized platform/track that translates between the centralizers and rotates around a central axis. The cutter faces outward and extends via a cutter arm to engage and carve a helical groove in the borehole wall. A laboratory scratch tester includes a holder for a solid cylindrical core sample and a motorized translating frame on which a cutter extends. The cutter is directed toward the core sample, and the holder with the core sample is rotated by a motor so that as the cutter translates relative thereto, a helical groove is cut thereinto.
Abstract:
A mineralogy composition of a formation of interest is determined using core samples or downhole measurements. A dry permittivity is determined for each identified mineral. A volumetric mixing law is employed using the determined mineralogy composition and the determined dry permitivities. An effective matrix permittivity is determined using results from the volumetric mixing law. Dielectric dispersion measurements of the subject formation are acquired using the core samples or the downhole measurements. A dielectric petrophysical model is produced using the dielectric dispersion measurements and the effective matrix permittivity. A water saturation is estimated based on the dielectric petrophysical model. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) T2 measurements having short echo spacings are acquired. A NMR petrophysical model is generated based on the NMR T2 measurements. A total porosity is determined based on the generated NMR petrophysical model. A total gas-in-place estimate is made using the determined total porosity and the estimated water saturation.
Abstract:
Methods may include calculating a formation permeability for a subterranean formation from a combination of dielectric measurements and acoustic measurements, wherein the formation permeability is calculated according to the formula: kg=a(Vxσ w/εr)b, where Vx is either Vp, Vs, or Vp/Vs, σ is formation conductivity, Øw is water-filled porosity, and a and b are constants that are empirically determined for the frequency selected with respect to Vx; and creating a design for a wellbore operation from the calculated formation permeability. Methods may also include obtaining a dielectric measurement from a downhole formation; obtaining an acoustic measurement from a downhole formation; and calculating a formation permeability from a combination of the dielectric measurement and the acoustic measurement.