Abstract:
A method for controlling a supercharging device for an internal combustion engine includes controlling a variable (x) using different control characteristics in each of at least four sub-ranges defined by a gradient (dx/dt) of the variable to be controlled (x) and a difference (x) between the variable to be controlled (x) and a control variable (xs). An apparatus for controlling a supercharging device for an internal combustion engine includes a controller having a range of control that includes at least four sub-ranges devided in accordance with a gradient (dx/dt) of the variable to be controlled (x) and a difference (x) between the variable to be controlled (x) and a control variable (xs).
Abstract:
An internal combustion engine has a plurality of cylinders which are arranged in two rows, two exhaust-gas turbochargers which are driven in each case by the exhaust gases from the cylinders of a cylinder row, and exhaust-gas recirculation. Two exhaust-gas discharge lines branch off, upstream of the respective exhaust-gas turbocharger, part of the exhaust gases from the cylinders of a cylinder row to be recirculated and supply this part to a common recirculation line. By way of the common recirculation line, the exhaust gases to be recirculated are supplied, downstream of the exhaust-gas turbochargers, to an air supply. At least one valve, which serves as an exhaust-gas recirculation valve and by which the quantity of recirculated exhaust gases can be set, is provided. The valve has a stop by which a communicating connection made between the two exhaust-gas discharge lines can be shut off.
Abstract:
An apparatus for pushing bag packages or similar compliant articles into folding boxes which includes first and second endless conveying devices. Open folding boxes are conveyed on the first conveying device to a bag filling station and the bag packages are conveyed in the region of the filling section in alignment with the folding boxes by the second conveying device. For pushing the bag packages into the folding boxes, a pusher rod in combination with a pivotably arranged lever having a covering tongue are used. Guiding the lever by a contact-pressure element and guide member achieves low loading on the bag packages which permits a simple construction of the apparatus.
Abstract:
A conveyor system in a packaging machine having leading and trailing drivers, which are disposed on endless parallel conveyor chains. To adjust the drivers to various sized boxes, the conveyor chains are adjustable transversely to the conveyor direction and are adjustable in phase. The chain wheels guiding the outer conveyor chains having the trailing drivers are disposed in a manner fixed against relative rotation, and one chain wheel is additionally axially displaceably disposed on the drive shaft. The middle chain wheel, which guides the conveyor chain having the leading drivers, is mounted on a hollow shaft disposed in a rotatable and axially displaceable manner on the drive shaft; this hollow shaft penetrates the hub of one outer chain wheel and has an aperture for an adjusting spring that connects the hub to the drive shaft. With a clamping ring that is secured in a sleeve engaging the hollow shaft, the middle chain wheel is joined to the drive shaft in an angularly adjustable manner and rotatable therewith.