摘要:
A surface optical apparatus that includes a surface optical device with p-side and n-side electrodes, such as a surface emitting laser, a first substrate for supporting the surface optical device directly or through an elastic supporter formed of one or plural layers, and a first electrode wiring of at least a wire formed on the first substrate and electrically connected to one of the electrodes. A current is injected into or a voltage is applied across the surface optical device through the first electrode wiring and the p-side and n-side electrodes. A photodetector for detecting light from the surface optical device may also be arranged in the vicinity of the optical device.
摘要:
A semiconductor memory device includes a plurality of memory cells. Each memory cell includes a capacitor which is composed of a first electrode, at least one particle made of ferroelectric or high dielectric constant material and selectively arranged on the first electrode, and a second electrode formed on the particle.
摘要:
An optical deflector is fixed in a box-shaped member and the box-shaped member has a through-hole and a light-transmissive portion for cutting off air inflow formed on a light reflection side of the optical deflector, whereby dust is prevented from attaching to a reflecting surface.
摘要:
A resonance type torsional vibrator capable of switching to an object driving frequency is provided, which comprises a frequency switching means capable of switching an excitation frequency between at least two levels.
摘要:
A surface optical apparatus that includes a surface optical device with p-side and n-side electrodes, such as a surface emitting laser, a first substrate for supporting the surface optical device directly or through an elastic supporter formed of one or plural layers, and a first electrode wiring of at least a wire formed on the first substrate and electrically connected to one of the electrodes. A current is injected into or a voltage is applied across the surface optical device through the first electrode wiring and the p-side and n-side electrodes. A photodetector for detecting light from the surface optical device may also be arranged in the vicinity of the optical device.
摘要:
An electron optical system array has a plurality of electron lenses, the system array having at least two electrodes structures which respectively have membranes and are arranged along an optical axis, each of the membranes having a plurality of apertures through which charged-particle beams pass. There is also a spacer which is interposed between the facing membranes and adjacent to the aperture and which determines a gap between the facing membranes.
摘要:
The semiconductor memory device of the invention includes at least three memory cell blocks arranged in a word line direction. Each of the memory cell blocks includes a plurality of memory cells arranged in a bit line direction. Each of the memory cells includes a ferroelectric capacitor for storing data by displacement of polarization of a ferroelectric film and a selection transistor connected to one of paired electrodes of the ferroelectric capacitor. Each of the memory cell blocks also includes: a bit line, a sub-bit line and a source line extending in the bit line direction; and a read transistor having a gate connected to one end of the sub-bit line, a source connected to the source line, and a drain connected to one end of the bit line. The read transistor reads data by detecting the displacement of the polarization of the ferroelectric film of the ferroelectric capacitor of a data read memory cell from which data is read among the plurality of memory cells. The sub-bit lines of any two of the memory cell blocks are connected to each other via a sub-bit line coupling switch.
摘要:
A silver halide photosensitive material comprises at least one light sensitive silver halide emulsion layer on a support. The silver halide photosensitive material contains at least one compound capable of undergoing a one-electron oxidation to thereby form a one-electron oxidation product thereof, the one-electron oxidation product being capable of releasing further one or more electrons, and at least one reducing compound having a C/H value of 3 or less; and another reducing compound having a C/H value of more than 3, the C/H value representing a ratio of (the number of Group IV elements)/(the sum of Groups III, V, VI and VII elements).
摘要翻译:卤化银感光材料在载体上包含至少一种感光卤化银乳剂层。 卤化银感光材料含有至少一种能够进行单电子氧化从而形成单电子氧化产物的化合物,该单电子氧化产物能够进一步释放一个或多个电子,并且至少一个还原 C / H值为3以下的化合物; 和C / H值大于3的另一种还原化合物,C / H值表示(IV族元素的数量)/(III,V,VI和VII族元素的总和)的比率。
摘要:
A correction electron optical system (3) has substrates in which apertures for constituting electron lenses are formed. Valves (14) whose opening degrees can be adjusted are used to relax the pressure difference between the upper and lower surfaces of each substrate caused when supply/exhaust pumps (51-56) adjust the internal pressure of a main body cover (80). The opening degrees are controlled based on outputs from differential pressure sensors (13). The pressure sensors (13) can be replaced with photosensors.