Abstract:
A porous layer is provided on one or both surfaces of a mass-transfer membrane to enhance or modify the passage of ions. The membrane may be a film of any of a variety of polymeric materials, and the porous layer may be a surface layer on the membrane or a separate porous structure placed in contact therewith. The porous layer or layers render certain normally ion-impermeable polymeric films capable of passing ions in an electrodialysis-type system.
Abstract:
An apparatus to electrolytically produce multivalent metals, such as titanium, from compounds thereof. The apparatus includes a suitable containing body with an anode and a cathode in compartments therein spaced apart by a foraminous metallic diaphragm. The diaphragm has a diaphragm coefficient of greater than zero to about 0.5 when the coefficient of flow is about 0.1 to about 25. A multivalent metal compound feed means is combined with the cathode compartment to supply a multivalent metal compound to a molten salt electrolyte in the cathode compartment. The apparatus is sealed from the atmosphere to avoid contamination of the bath and metal product with certain atmospheric gases. Means of providing sufficient electrical and thermal energy to operate the cell are provided.
Abstract:
Feed cathode for an electrolytic cell with a feed conduit suited to pass a metal compound therethrough from a source to an electrolyte in the cell. The feed cathode includes a member surrounding and substantially entirely enclosing at least an outlet of the conduit. The member is at least partially formed of an electrically conductive foraminous body suited to pass the electrolyte and ions of a multivalent metal compound therethrough. Preferably, the foraminous body has an electrical coefficient of greater than zero to about 1 and a flow coefficient of from about 0.1 to about 300.
Abstract:
A method for electrolytic deposition of metals, particularly zinc, in which the tendency for the cathode to be attacked in the immediate vicinity of the solution level is eliminated or greatly reduced by positioning a barrier structure in the cell assembly in a manner such that it extends from slightly above to slightly below the level of the solution in the cell. The barrier, which may be of any material resistant to attack by the electrolytic solution, prevents the migration of the oxygen at the solution level and thus protects the cathode from solution level attack.
Abstract:
Sodium ion conducting compositions are provided having (a) the formula Na.sub.5-x .quadrature..sub.x Gd.sub.1-y-x M.sub.y M'.sub.x Si.sub.4-z Ge.sub.z O.sub.12 wherein M is at least one of the rare earths or yttrium, M' is Zr.sup.4+, Hf.sup.4+, or Th.sup.4+, .quadrature. is a sodium vacancy to preserve charge neutrality, X is 0 to about 0.5 when Zr.sup.4+ or Hf.sup.4+ is included in M' and 0 to about 0.1 when Th.sup.4+ is included in M', y is 0 to 1, and Z is 0 to 4, with the proviso that y+x is no more than 1, And (b) the rhombohedral Na.sub.5 YSi.sub.4 O.sub.12 crystal structure with space group symmetry R3c. These compositions are useful as solid electrolytes in electrochemical cells such as galvanic cells and electrolytic cells. Certain of the sodium ion conducting compositions are novel compositions of matter.
Abstract translation:提供钠离子导电组合物,其具有(a)式Na 5-x&sigma&xGd 1-y-x M y M'x Si 4-z Ge z O 12,其中M是稀土或钇中的至少一种,M'是Zr 4+,Hf 4+或Th 4+, 保存充电中性的钠离子,X为0〜约0.5当M'中包含Zr4 +或Hf4 +时,当Th4 +包含在M'中时,0至约0.1,y为0至1,Z为0至4,带有 Y + X不超过1的规定,(B)具有空间群对称性的R.MBOHEDRAL Na5YSi4O12晶体结构。 这些组合物可用作电化学电池如电解槽和电解槽中的固体电解质。
Abstract:
An anode, particularly an anode basket, having on its exterior surface a layer of open, non-woven fibrous mat to protect the anode from accidental contact with a cathode or with an electrically conducting member in contact with the cathode.
Abstract:
The presently disclosed concepts relate to improved techniques for critical mineral extraction, purification, precipitation, ion exchange, and metal production using a solid electrolyte membrane. By using a solid electrolyte embedded in a matrix, alkali metal (such as lithium) can be more effectively separated from feed solutions. Additionally, energy used to initially extract critical minerals from a feed solution may be stored as electrochemical energy, which in turn, may be discharged when critical minerals are depleted from the electrode. This discharged energy may therefore be reclaimed and reused to extract additional critical minerals.
Abstract:
An electrochemical system for selective recovery of gold from electronic waste and mining streams includes a vessel configured for flow of fluid therethrough, a working electrode positioned in the vessel, where the working electrode comprises a redox-active metallopolymer, and a counter electrode spaced apart from the working electrode in the vessel. An electrochemical method for selective gold recovery includes selectively electrochemically adsorbing gold complexes from a leach solution onto a redox-active metallopolymer, and electrochemically releasing the gold complexes from the redox-active metallopolymer into a collection fluid.