公开(公告)号：US08101032B1

公开(公告)日：2012-01-24

申请号：US12122408

申请日：2008-05-16

申请人： John E. Brandenburg ,  Matthew D. Fox ,  Rodrigo H. Garcia

发明人： John E. Brandenburg ,  Matthew D. Fox ,  Rodrigo H. Garcia

IPC分类号： C06B47/00 ,  D03D23/00

CPC分类号： C06B47/00 ,  C06B23/001 ,  C10L7/04

摘要： A cost-effective, renewable ethanol-based solid fuel compound, and method of making the fuel for hybrid rocket engines. Gelling agents, preferably methylcellulose can be used in conjunction with calcium acetate or calcium acetate alone make a stiff plastic out of ethanol to improve its properties for hybrid rocket engine. The increased stiffness of an ethanol-based fuel gel, increases yield stress that allows rapid acceleration of rockets. The low cost bio-fuel based on solidified ethanol rather than expensive petroleum derived substances lowers the cost of volume rocket launches, lowers the cost of access to orbit and provides safer sounding rocket flights into space. The resulting raw gel can further be mixed with a cross linking compound and water to form a stiffer material. Alternatively, the resulting raw gel can be frozen by liquid nitrogen.

摘要翻译： 一种具有成本效益的可再生乙醇固体燃料复合物，以及制造用于混合火箭发动机的燃料的方法。 胶凝剂，优选甲基纤维素可以单独使用与乙酸钙或乙酸钙结合使用，从乙醇中形成刚性塑料，以改善混合火箭发动机的性能。 基于乙醇的燃料凝胶的刚性增加增加了屈服应力，允许火箭快速加速。 基于固化乙醇而不是昂贵的石油衍生物质的低成本生物燃料降低了体积火箭发射的成本，降低了进入轨道的成本，并提供了更安全的探空火箭飞行到太空。 所得到的生凝胶可进一步与交联化合物和水混合以形成更硬的材料。 或者，所得到的生凝胶可以用液氮冷冻。

公开(公告)号：US07037484B1

公开(公告)日：2006-05-02

申请号：US10465044

申请日：2003-06-19

申请人： John E. Brandenburg

发明人： John E. Brandenburg

IPC分类号： C01B3/02

CPC分类号： B01J19/088 ,  B01J2219/0869 ,  B01J2219/0875 ,  C01B3/047 ,  C01B2203/0861 ,  Y02E60/364

摘要： Processes and systems for generating hydrogen gas from resonant cavities are disclosed. A preferred version includes separating a resonant cavity into two compartments with a dielectric type diaphragm, injecting gases such as ammonia into one compartment and generating electromagnetic energy from an antenna, microwave generator or waveguide into the other compartment so that a plasma discharge is formed in the cavity, and hydrogen gas can be selectively released from an outport of the cavity.

公开(公告)号：US06205769B1

公开(公告)日：2001-03-27

申请号：US08484513

申请日：1995-06-07

申请人： John E. Brandenburg ,  Michael Micci

发明人： John E. Brandenburg ,  Michael Micci

IPC分类号： E03H100

CPC分类号： F03H1/00

摘要： Microwave-Electro-Thermal thrusters produce a high temperature rocket exhaust by sending microwaves into a resonant cavity where an excited mode then creates an electrodeless discharge that heats gaseous fuel. Heretofore, the microwave power coupling between the microwave generator and the resonant cavity and plasma has consisted of rigid waveguide with impedance matching equipment. This waveguide and impedance matching hardware greatly adds to the weight and size of the system making it impractical for spaceflight. The foregoing problems are overcome by greatly reducing or eliminating the waveguide and impedance matching equipment.

摘要翻译： 微波电热推进器通过将微波发送到谐振腔中产生高温火箭排气，其中激发模式然后产生加热气体燃料的无电极放电。 迄今为止，微波发生器与谐振腔和等离子体之间的微波功率耦合由具有阻抗匹配设备的刚性波导组成。 这种波导和阻抗匹配硬件大大增加了系统的重量和尺寸，使其对于太空飞行是不切实际的。 通过大大减少或消除波导和阻抗匹配设备来克服上述问题。

公开(公告)号：US06986870B1

公开(公告)日：2006-01-17

申请号：US10646421

申请日：2003-08-21

申请人： John E. Brandenburg

发明人： John E. Brandenburg

IPC分类号： C01C1/02 ,  C01C1/04

CPC分类号： C01C1/04 ,  C01B3/24 ,  C01B3/505 ,  C01B2203/0272 ,  C01B2203/0405 ,  C01B2203/041 ,  C01B2203/049 ,  C01B2203/068 ,  C01B2203/0816 ,  C01B2203/1241

摘要： An ammonia synthesis process and apparatus are provided which are energy efficient and minimize greenhouse-gas-emission during the processing of natural gas and air. In the process a stream of natural gas is divided into two streams, one of which is mixed with air and ignited to provide heat for the thermal decomposition of natural gas into hydrogen and carbon and also to provide deoxygenated nitrogen for an ammonia synthesis process. The process essentially prepares hydrogen and nitrogen on a low average temperature side of a chemical reactor and then feeds both gases to the high average temperature side of the chemical reactor where they react to form ammonia. The formation of ammonia is exothermic, whereas the thermal decomposition of methane is endothermic and the combustion of methane to remove oxygen is also exothermic; the sum of the heats absorbed and released in these reactions is positive. Catalysts, high temperatures and pressure are used to promote the rapid formation of ammonia, as is standard practice in the chemical industry. Catalysts, and high temperatures are used to promote the thermal decomposition of natural gas and combustion of oxygen that provides hydrogen and nitrogen for ammonia synthesis.

摘要翻译： 提供了一种氨合成方法和装置，其在天然气和空气的处理期间是能量效率并且使温室气体排放最小化。 在该过程中，天然气流被分成两股，其中之一与空气混合并点燃以提供热量，用于将天然气热分解成氢气和碳，并为氨合成过程提供脱氧氮。 该方法基本上在化学反应器的低平均温度侧准备氢气和氮气，然后将两种气体进料到化学反应器的高平均温度侧，在那里它们反应形成氨。 氨的形成是放热的，而甲烷的热分解是吸热的，并且甲烷的燃烧以除去氧也是放热的; 在这些反应中吸收和释放的热量的总和是积极的。 催化剂，高温和高压用于促进氨的快速形成，如化学工业中的标准做法。 催化剂和高温用于促进天然气的热分解和氧气的燃烧，为氨合成提供氢气和氮气。

公开(公告)号：US06441552B1

公开(公告)日：2002-08-27

申请号：US09301998

申请日：1999-04-29

申请人： John E. Brandenburg ,  John F. Kline ,  Joshua H. Resnick

发明人： John E. Brandenburg ,  John F. Kline ,  Joshua H. Resnick

IPC分类号： H01J724

CPC分类号： H05H1/52 ,  H01J61/54 ,  H01J65/042 ,  H01J65/044 ,  H05H1/46 ,  H05H2001/4622

摘要： A persistent ionization plasma generator is described that forms a plasma in a cavity that persists for a time after termination of the exciting RF electric field. The plasma generator includes a RF cavity that is in fluid communication with a source of ionizing gas. The RF cavity can be at substantially atmospheric pressure. An RF power source that generates an RF electric field is electromagetically coupled to the RF cavity. An ultraviolet light source is positioned in optical communication to the cavity. An antenna is positioned within the cavity adjacent to the ultraviolet light source. A chamber for confining the plasma can be positioned in the cavity around the antenna.

摘要翻译： 描述了持久电离等离子体发生器，其在空穴中形成等离子体，其在激发RF电场终止之后持续一段时间。 等离子体发生器包括与电离气体源流体连通的RF空腔。 RF空腔可以处于基本大气压。 产生RF电场的RF电源电磁耦合到RF空腔。 紫外光源被定位成与腔体光学连通。 天线位于与紫外光源相邻的腔内。 用于限制等离子体的室可以位于天线周围的空腔中。

公开(公告)号：US07628962B1

公开(公告)日：2009-12-08

申请号：US11267748

申请日：2005-11-04

申请人： John E. Brandenburg

发明人： John E. Brandenburg

IPC分类号： B01J19/08

CPC分类号： B01J19/088 ,  B01J2219/0869 ,  B01J2219/0875 ,  C01B3/047 ,  C01B2203/0861 ,  Y02E60/364

摘要： Processes and systems for generating hydrogen gas from resonant cavities are disclosed. A preferred version includes separating a resonant cavity into two compartments with a dielectric type diaphragm, injecting gases such as ammonia into one compartment and generating electromagnetic energy from an antenna, microwave generator or waveguide into the other compartment so that a plasma discharge is formed in the cavity, and hydrogen gas can be selectively released from an outport of the cavity.

摘要翻译： 公开了从谐振腔产生氢气的工艺和系统。 优选的方案包括将谐振腔分离成具有介电类型隔膜的两个隔间，将诸如氨的气体注入一个隔间并将电磁能从天线，微波发生器或波导产生到另一隔室中，使得等离子体放电在 空腔和氢气可以从空腔的出口选择性地释放。

公开(公告)号：US07094384B1

公开(公告)日：2006-08-22

申请号：US11230106

申请日：2005-09-19

申请人： John E. Brandenburg

发明人： John E. Brandenburg

IPC分类号： C01C1/04

CPC分类号： C01C1/04 ,  C01B3/24 ,  C01B3/505 ,  C01B2203/0272 ,  C01B2203/0405 ,  C01B2203/041 ,  C01B2203/049 ,  C01B2203/068 ,  C01B2203/0816 ,  C01B2203/1241

摘要： An ammonia synthesis process and apparatus are provided which are energy efficient and minimize greenhouse-gas-emission during the processing of natural gas and air. In the process a stream of natural gas is divided into two streams, one of which is mixed with air and ignited to provide heat for the thermal decomposition of natural gas into hydrogen and carbon and also to provide deoxygenated nitrogen for an ammonia synthesis process. The process essentially prepares hydrogen and nitrogen on a low average temperature side of a chemical reactor and then feeds both gases to the high average temperature side of the chemical reactor where they react to form ammonia. The formation of ammonia is exothermic, whereas the thermal decomposition of methane is endothermic and the combustion of methane to remove oxygen is also exothermic; the sum of the heats absorbed and released in these reactions is positive. Catalysts, high temperatures and pressure are used to promote the rapid formation of ammonia, as is standard practice in the chemical industry. Catalysts, and high temperatures are used to promote the thermal decomposition of natural gas and combustion of oxygen that provides hydrogen and nitrogen for ammonia synthesis.

公开(公告)号：US06838831B2

公开(公告)日：2005-01-04

申请号：US10178438

申请日：2002-06-24

申请人： John E. Brandenburg ,  John F. Kline ,  Joshua H. Resnick

发明人： John E. Brandenburg ,  John F. Kline ,  Joshua H. Resnick

IPC分类号： H05H1/24 ,  H01J7/24

CPC分类号： H05H1/52 ,  H01J61/54 ,  H01J65/042 ,  H01J65/044 ,  H05H1/46 ,  H05H2001/4622

摘要： A persistent ionization plasma generator is described that forms a plasma in a cavity that persists for a time after termination of the exciting RF electric field. The plasma generator includes a RF cavity that is in fluid communication with a source of ionizing gas. The RF cavity can be at substantially atmospheric pressure. An RF power source that generates an RF electric field is electromagnetically coupled to the RF cavity. An ultraviolet light source is positioned in optical communication to the cavity. An antenna is positioned within the cavity adjacent to the ultraviolet light source. A chamber for confining the plasma can be positioned in the cavity around the antenna.

公开(公告)号：US5956938A

公开(公告)日：1999-09-28

申请号：US738449

申请日：1996-10-25

申请人： John E. Brandenburg

发明人： John E. Brandenburg

IPC分类号： F03H1/00

CPC分类号： F03H1/00

摘要： The present invention comprises a compact coupling for microwave-electro-thermal thrusters which use water-based fuels and microwave isolators.

摘要翻译： 本发明包括使用水基燃料和微波隔离器的微波电热推进器的紧凑耦合。