Method and apparatus for thermal conductivity measurements
    3.
    发明授权
    Method and apparatus for thermal conductivity measurements 失效
    热导率测量方法和装置

    公开(公告)号:US5335993A

    公开(公告)日:1994-08-09

    申请号:US85646

    申请日:1993-06-30

    摘要: A method and apparatus for measuring the thermal conductivity of materials using modulated differential scanning calorimetry (MDSC). Two MDSC heat capacity measurements are made consecutively. One measurement is made under conditions which ensure obtaining a fairly accurate value for the heat capacity of the material ("quasi-ideal conditions"). Another measurement is made under conditions such that the measured effective heat capacity differs from the accurate value of the heat capacity due to thermal conductivity effects. Generally, the non-ideal conditions differ from the ideal conditions by one parameter, such as the size of the sample, the modulation frequency used to measure the heat capacity, or, for thin films, the presence or absence of a specimen on the thin film. The thermal conductivity of the material is then calculated from the difference between the heat capacity measured under quasi-ideal conditions and the effective heat capacity measured under non-ideal conditions.

    摘要翻译: 使用调制差示扫描量热法(MDSC)测量材料的热导率的方法和装置。 连续进行两次MDSC热容量测量。 在确保获得材料的热容量相当准确的值(“准理想条件”)的条件下进行一次测量。 在使得测量的有效热容量与热导率效应的热容量的精确值不同的条件下进行另一测量。 一般来说,非理想条件通过一个参数(例如样品的尺寸,用于测量热容的调制频率)或理想条件与样品在薄层上的存在或不存在不同 电影。 然后根据在准理想条件下测得的热容与在非理想条件下测得的有效热容之差计算材料的热导率。

    Bipolar liquid electrostatic developer
    7.
    发明授权
    Bipolar liquid electrostatic developer 失效
    双极液体静电显影剂

    公开(公告)号:US4985329A

    公开(公告)日:1991-01-15

    申请号:US292573

    申请日:1988-12-30

    IPC分类号: G03G9/12

    CPC分类号: G03G9/12

    摘要: Bipolar liquid electrostatic developer consisting essentially of at least one charge director in a nonpolar liquid having dispersed therein two toner particles having opposite charge polarity which comprise at least one thermoplastic copolymer resin. The particle average by area size is less than 10 .mu.m. The ratio of the two toner particles is 5 to 95 and 95 to 5. A process of simultaneous transfer of such developer is included. The developer is useful in copying.