摘要:
A vacuum optical system has a vacuum chamber for housing an optical system used in a vacuum. The vacuum chamber is equipped with a member, on which the optical system is at least mounted, supported by such parts that when a pressure in the vacuum chamber changes to deform the vacuum chamber, the amount of displacement transmitted to the optical system is smaller than a predetermined tolerance depending on an accuracy necessary for the optical system. Thus, the vacuum optical system can be obtained which does away with the need for readjustment of optical alignment and is compact.
摘要:
In a soft X-ray microscope including a soft X-ray source for emitting soft X-rays, a condenser lens for focusing the soft X-rays onto a specimen under inspection, an objective lens for focusing soft X-rays emanating from the specimen, a soft X-ray detector for receiving the soft X-rays focused by the objective lens, and a visually observing optical system for forming a visible image of the specimen by converting an optical property of the specimen other than contrast and color into a contrast in brightness or color. The visually observing optical system may be formed as phase contrast microscope, dark field microscope, polarizing microscope, differential interference microscope, or fluorescent microscope. Then, alignment and focus adjustment can be performed by observing the visible image of the specimen without irradiating the specimen with the soft X-rays even if the specimen has substantially no contrast and color.
摘要:
A vacuum optical system has a vacuum chamber for housing an optical system used In a vacuum. The vacuum chamber is equipped with a member, on which the optical system is at least mounted, supported by such parts that when a pressure in the vacuum chamber changes to deform the vacuum chamber, the amount of displacement transmitted to the optical system is smaller than a predetermined tolerance depending on an accuracy necessary for the optical system. Thus, the vacuum optical system can be obtained which does away with the need for readjustment of optical alignment and is compact.
摘要:
A sample vessel for X-ray microscopes comprising a first silicon base plate having an entrance window covered with a thin film of silicon nitride, and a second silicon base plate which has an exit window covered with a thin film of silicon nitride and matched with the entrance window. The second silicon base plate being connected the first base plate by way of a spacer so as to form a sealed space capable of accommodating samples to be observed. Disposed in the space is a mesh member made of a wire material having an angle of contact with water smaller than 90.degree. at a location adjacent to the thin film of silicon nitride covering the entrance window or a thin film of aluminium is evaporation-coated over the thin film of silicon nitride. This sample vessel makes it possible to enhance mechanical strength of the thin film of silicon nitride and limits shifting of samples within very narrow ranges with water films formed in meshes of the mesh member, thereby remarkably facilitating observation of the samples with X-rays and soft X-rays.
摘要:
A soft X-ray detector includes a surface electrode layer, a photoelectric conversion layer, and a semiconductor detector having an electrode connected to the photoelectric conversion layer, for detecting an electric charge produced In the photoelectric conversion layer. The photoelectric conversion layer and the surface electrode layer have thicknesses satisfying conditionsdA.gtoreq.0.183.lambda./KAdB.ltoreq.0.183.lambda./KBwhere dA is a thickness of the photoelectric conversion layer, dB is a thickness of the surface electrode layer, KA is an extinction coefficient of radiation of a wavelength .lambda. in a substance constituting the photoelectric conversion layer, and KB is an extinction coefficient of radiation of the wavelength .lambda.in a substance constituting the surface electrode layer. Thus, the soft X-ray detector has a high sensitivity to soft X rays and a lower sensitivity to visible light, so that only soft X rays can be selectively detected. Further, the detector has two kinds of pixels, with one kind sensitive to soft X-rays and the other kind sensitive to visible light. In addition, the detector includes a plurality of pixels, to which the surface electrode layer is divided to correspond so that it has a plurality of regions to obtain a desired wavelength.
摘要翻译:软X射线检测器包括表面电极层,光电转换层和具有连接到光电转换层的电极的半导体检测器,用于检测在光电转换层中产生的电荷。 光电转换层和表面电极层具有满足条件dA> / =0.183λ/ KA dB =0.183λ/ KB的厚度,其中dA是光电转换层的厚度,dB是表面电极层的厚度, KA是构成光电转换层的物质中的波长λ的辐射消光系数,KB是构成表面电极层的物质的波长λ的辐射消光系数。 因此,软X射线检测器对软X射线具有高灵敏度并且对可见光具有较低的灵敏度,使得仅可以选择性地检测到软X射线。 此外,检测器具有两种像素,一种对软X射线敏感,另一种对可见光敏感。 此外,检测器包括多个像素,表面电极层被划分成多个像素,使得其具有多个区域以获得期望的波长。
摘要:
There is provided a method of generating corrected image data and a display apparatus which is capable of displaying a pre-corrected image which is corrected in advance, which enables to carry out diopter adjustment for farsightedness due to old age at a practically sufficient level.In the method of generating corrected image data, the pre-corrected image data consists of amplitude information and phase information, is generated. The display apparatus includes a processing section which generates the pre-corrected image data consists of the amplitude information and the phase information, by a predetermined method of generating corrected image data, and a display section which controls and displays the amplitude information and the phase information of the corrected image data which has been generated.
摘要:
The present invention provides a projection apparatus, comprising: a light source for emitting illumination light; at least one spatial light modulator with a plurality of movable mirrors corresponding to pixels to be displayed, for performing a modulation of the illumination light through operation of the movable mirrors; a light source control unit performing a modulation control of the light source; and a spatial light modulator control unit generating, from an input image signal, a control signal for driving the spatial light modulator, wherein: the light source control unit adjusts a pulse emission frequency of an emission pulse of the illumination light emitted from the light source while corresponding to an oscillation frequency of the movable mirrors.
摘要:
A Schwarzschild optical system comprising a concave mirror having an opening formed at the center thereof and a convex mirror arranged in opposite to the opening of the concave mirror, and has a numerical aperture of at least 0.25 on the object side, the concave mirror being formed to have an aspherical surface. This Schwarzschild optical system has a relatively large numerical aperture, a relatively large departure between the centers of curvature of the concave mirror and the convex mirror, and favorably corrected aberrations.
摘要:
An imaging X-ray microscope having an X-ray radiation source, a condenser for condensing X-rays radiated from the X-ray source on an object, an objective for forming an image of the object by the X-rays transmitted through or diffracted by the object, and an X-ray detector for receiving the image formed by the objective, the objective comprising a Schwarzschild optical system in which a concave mirror with an opening in the center thereof and a convex mirror are coaxially arranged in such a manner that the convex mirror opposes to the opening of the concave mirror, the object-side numerical aperture is at least 0.24, and the following condition is satisfied:(N.A.-0.6)/12.ltoreq.(W.sub.2 -W.sub.1)/f.ltoreq.-0.005where N.A. is the object-side numerical aperture of the Schwarzschild optical system, W.sub.1 is the distance from the object to the center of curvature of the concave mirror, W.sub.2 is the distance from the object to the center of curvature of the convex mirror, and f is the focal length of the Schwarzschild optical system.
摘要翻译:一种具有X射线辐射源的成像X射线显微镜,用于将从X射线源辐射的X射线聚焦在物体上的冷凝器,用于通过透射或衍射的X射线形成物体的图像的目的 以及用于接收由该物镜形成的图像的X射线检测器,该目标包括施瓦茨尔光学系统,其中具有其中心具有开口的凹面镜和凸面镜同轴地布置,使得 凸镜与凹面镜的开口相对,物侧数值孔径至少为0.24,满足以下条件:(NA-0.6)/ 12(W2-W1)/ f -0.005其中NA是Schwarzschild光学系统的物体侧数值孔径,W1是从物体到凹面镜的曲率中心的距离,W2是从物体到凸面镜的中心的距离 ,f是施瓦茨的焦距 ild光学系统。
摘要:
An automatic focus detecting device comprising a photoelectric converting device formed by arranging many elements, a pupil divider capable of forming two object images on the photoelectric converting device through different light paths, a device capable of detecting an in-focus position by processing two image data obtained as output signals from the photoelectric converting device, a device for determining the reciprocal numbers of the output signals obtained by applying a uniform light onto the photoelectric converting device and a device for receiving the image data to correct the signals for output multiplying the image data by these reciprocal numbers in order to enable accurate focusing. The photoelectric converting device is so arranged as to receive the light having passed through an infrared cut filter or a band pass filter.