摘要:
Methods of analyzing water-soluble contaminants comprise providing reference air streams having gaseous water present therein; condensing the reference air streams such that the gaseous water liquefies; pressurizing the liquefied water; and supplying the liquefied water to analyzers. Systems for analyzing water-soluble contaminants comprise air inlets that absorb reference air containing gaseous water therein; valves that control the flow of the reference air in fluid communication with the air inlets; condensers that condense the gaseous water in the reference air in fluid communication with the valves; pressurization pumps that pressurize the water condensed from the reference air in fluid communication with the condensers; and discharge pumps that discharge an excessive amount of water contained in the reference air.
摘要:
A method of operating a semiconductor device that includes a variable resistance device, the method including applying a first voltage to the variable resistance device so as to change a resistance value of the variable resistance device from a first resistance value to a second resistance value that is different from the first resistance value; sensing first current flowing through the variable resistance device to which the first voltage is applied; determining whether the first current falls within a predetermined range of current; and if the first current does not fall within the first range of current, applying an additional first voltage that is equal to the first voltage to the variable resistance device.
摘要:
According to an example embodiment, a method of operating a semiconductor device includes applying a first voltage to the variable resistance device so as to change a resistance value of the variable resistance device from a first resistance value to a second resistance value that is different from the first resistance value, sensing first current flowing through the variable resistance device to which the first voltage is applied, determining a second voltage used to change the resistance value of the variable resistance device from the second resistance value to the first resistance value based on a distribution of the sensed first current, and applying the determined second voltage to the variable resistance device.
摘要:
Methods of operating semiconductor devices that include variable resistance devices, the methods including writing first data to a semiconductor device by applying a reset pulse voltage to the variable resistance device so that the variable resistance device is switched from a first resistance state to a second resistance state, and writing second data to the semiconductor device by applying a set pulse voltage to the variable resistance device so that the variable resistance device is switched from the second resistance state to the first resistance state to the second resistance state. The reset pulse voltage is higher than the set pulse voltage, and a resistance in the second resistance state is greater than in the first resistance state.
摘要:
A resistive random access memory (RRAM) includes a resistive memory layer of a transition metal oxide, such as Ni oxide, and is doped with a metal material. The RRAM may include at least one first electrode, a resistive memory layer on the at least one first electrode, the resistive memory layer including a Ni oxide layer doped with at least one element selected from a group consisting of Fe, Co, and Sn, and at least one second electrode on the resistive memory layer. The RRAM device may include a plurality of first electrodes and a plurality of second electrodes, and the resistive memory layer may be between the plurality of first electrodes and the plurality of second electrodes.
摘要:
A resistive random access memory (RRAM) devices and resistive random access memory (RRAM) arrays are provided, the RRAM devices include a first electrode layer, a variable resistance material layer formed of an oxide of a metallic material having a plurality of oxidation states, an intermediate electrode layer on the variable resistance material layer and formed of a conductive material having a lower reactivity with oxygen than the metallic material, and a second electrode layer on the intermediate electrode layer. The RRAM arrays include at least one of the aforementioned RRAM devices.
摘要:
Disclosed are an optical line terminal in a gigabit passive optical network and a method for transmitting a broadcast frame using the same. The optical line terminal allocates second port identifiers to optical network units such that a broadcast frame is prevented from being retransmitted to an optical network unit which has transmitted the broadcast frame to the optical line terminal.
摘要:
A RRAM may include a first electrode, a second electrode, and a memory resistant layer between the first and second electrodes, wherein the memory resistant layer may include a transition metal oxide doped with a metal having a high oxygen affinity. Because a RRAM includes a memory resistant layer doped with a material having a high oxygen affinity, the RRAM may be stably driven at higher temperatures.
摘要:
An apparatus and method for on-line decomposition of a hydrogen peroxide solution, for use in fabricating a semiconductor device, includes a membrane tube having a porous plug inserted in each end, with the porous plugs defining a space where a platinum catalyst is disposed. A first coupling tube is inserted into one end of the membrane tube to supply a hydrogen peroxide sample to the membrane tube. The hydrogen peroxide contained in hydrogen peroxide sample is decomposed into water and oxygen gas according to an action of the platinum catalyst. A second coupling tube is inserted into a second end of the membrane tube to discharge a diluted hydrogen peroxide solution to an analytical instrument, where the decomposed hydrogen peroxide solution is analyzed on-line.
摘要:
A gigabit passive optical network (GPON) system for fiber to the home (FTTH) service must provide a down-stream data rate of an optical band to provide IPTV service with hundreds of channels to subscribers, and must be able to provide an upstream data rate of an optical band using a currently available BM-IC chip. A currently available BM-IC chip for a GPON has 1.244 Gbps and 2.488 Gbps modes. Accordingly, an optical network terminal (ONT) for a GPON that is capable of providing a downstream transmission band of 10-Gbps and an upstream transmission band of 1.244 Gbps or 2.488 Gbps, and a method for processing an upstream frame in the terminal, are provided. The GPON ONT can provide 20 Mbps, high-definition IPTV service with 500 channels and can provide both upstream data rates of 1.244 Gbps and 2.488 Gbps according to a user's selection without using an additional device.