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公开(公告)号：US4058486A
公开(公告)日：1977-11-15
申请号：US319756
申请日：1972-12-29
申请人： Philip J. Mallozzi , Harold M. Epstein , Richard G. Jung , David C. Applebaum , Barry P. Fairand , William J. Gallagher
发明人： Philip J. Mallozzi , Harold M. Epstein , Richard G. Jung , David C. Applebaum , Barry P. Fairand , William J. Gallagher
摘要： A method of producing X-rays by directing radiant energy from a laser onto a target. Conversion efficiency of at least about 3 percent is obtained by providing the radiant energy in a low-power precursor pulse of approximately uniform effective intensity focused onto the surface of the target for about 1 to 30 nanoseconds so as to generate an expanding unconfined coronal plasma having less than normal solid density throughout and comprising a low-density (underdense) region wherein the plasma frequency is less than the laser radiation frequency and a higher-density (overdense) region wherein the plasma frequency is greater than the laser radiation frequency and, about 1 to 30 nanoseconds after the precursor pulse strikes the target, a higher-power main pulse focused onto the plasma for about 10.sup.-3 to 30 nanoseconds and having such power density and total energy that the radiant energy is absorbed in the underdense region and conducted into the overdense region to heat it and thus to produce X-rays therefrom with the plasma remaining substantially below normal solid density and thus facilitating the substantial emission of X-rays in the form of spectral lines arising from nonequilibrium ionization states.The X-rays may be produced essentially as from a point source (i.e., they are spatially coherent) and thus are suitable for many applications that would otherwise require an X-ray laser. In some embodiments phase coherence is achieved, thus providing a true X-ray laser.In a similar method, providing a controlled nuclear fusion reaction, the target comprises alternate layers of high-Z and lower-Z material.
摘要翻译： 通过将来自激光的辐射能引导到靶上来产生X射线的方法。 转换效率至少约为3％，通过将辐射能提供在目标表面上约1至30纳秒的大致均匀有效强度的低功率前驱脉冲中，以产生扩张的无限制冠状等离子体， 小于通常的固体密度，并且包括低密度（欠密度）区域，其中等离子体频率小于激光辐射频率，以及高密度（过度密度）区域，其中等离子体频率大于激光辐射频率，并且约 在前体脉冲撞击靶之后1至30纳秒，聚焦到等离子体上的大功率主脉冲约10-3至30纳秒，并具有辐射能量在欠密度区域中吸收的功率密度和总能量，并进行 进入过度区域以加热它，从而从其产生X射线，其中等离子体保持在基本上低于正常的固体密度 并因此促进以非平衡电离状态产生的光谱线形式的X射线的实质发射。
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公开(公告)号：US4143275A
公开(公告)日：1979-03-06
申请号：US837552
申请日：1977-09-28
申请人： Philip J. Mallozzi , Harold M. Epstein , Richard G. Jung , David C. Applebaum , Barry P. Fairand , William J. Gallagher , Ronald L. Uecker , Myron C. Muckerheide
发明人： Philip J. Mallozzi , Harold M. Epstein , Richard G. Jung , David C. Applebaum , Barry P. Fairand , William J. Gallagher , Ronald L. Uecker , Myron C. Muckerheide
CPC分类号： A61N5/1001 , A61B6/00 , A61B6/08 , G21K1/06 , H01J35/00 , G21K2201/064
摘要： Method and apparatus for applying radiation by producing X-rays of a selected spectrum and intensity and directing them to a desired location. Radiant energy is directed from a laser onto a target to produce such X-rays at the target, which is so positioned adjacent to the desired location as to emit the X-rays toward the desired location; or such X-rays are produced in a region away from the desired location, and are channeled to the desired location.The radiant energy directing means may be shaped (as with bends; adjustable, if desired) to circumvent any obstruction between the laser and the target. Similarly, the X-ray channeling means may be shaped (as with fixed or adjustable bends) to circumvent any obstruction between the region where the X-rays are produced and the desired location.For producing a radiograph in a living organism the X-rays are provided in a short pulse to avoid any blurring of the radiograph from movement of or in the organism. For altering tissue in a living organism the selected spectrum and intensity are such as to affect substantially the tissue in a preselected volume without injuring nearby tissue. Typically, the selected spectrum comprises the range of about 0.1 to 100 keV, and the intensity is selected to provide about 100 to 1000 rads at the desired location.The X-rays may be produced by stimulated emission thereof, typically in a single direction.
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公开(公告)号：US4060769A
公开(公告)日：1977-11-29
申请号：US507877
申请日：1974-09-20
申请人： Philip J. Mallozzi , Harold M. Epstein , David C. Applebaum , William J. Gallagher , Bernerd E. Campbell
发明人： Philip J. Mallozzi , Harold M. Epstein , David C. Applebaum , William J. Gallagher , Bernerd E. Campbell
CPC分类号： H01S3/2316 , H01S3/005 , H01S3/2383
摘要： Methods and apparatus for directing radiation pulses to a region wherein either a pulse or a substance in the region is adversely affected by the presence of more than a given power density therein. A laser pulse is split into a plurality of portions and each portion is directed along a path of different length to provide in rapid succession a plurality of pulses each having less than the given power density. Each pulse is caused to arrive at the region at an angle differing by at least its divergence angle from the arrival angle of every other pulse (or, if at a smaller angle from another pulse, with opposite polarization therefrom) and at a time enough later than the arrival time of the preceding pulse that the total power density in the region at any instant is less than the given power density. Thus, the effective total power density of the radiation directed through the region may exceed the given power density without adversely affecting any pulse or substance in the region. Typically, the region comprises an amplifier from which each pulse emerges at an angle differing by at least its divergence angle from the emergence angle of every other pulse (or, if at a smaller angle from another pulse, with opposite polarization therefrom). Each emerging pulse is separated from the others and is directed along a path of such length as to cause it to arrive at the selected location substantially simultaneously with the other pulses (or, alternatively, at such time relative to the other pulses as to provide a predetermined effective combined pulse shape at the location).
摘要翻译： 用于将辐射脉冲引导到其中该区域中的脉冲或物质的区域中的多于其给定功率密度的存在受到不利影响的区域的方法和装置。 激光脉冲被分成多个部分，并且每个部分沿着不同长度的路径被引导以快速连续地提供多个脉冲，每个脉冲具有小于给定的功率密度。 使每个脉冲以至少其发散角与每隔一个脉冲的到达角相差的角度（或者如果与另一个脉冲以较小的角度与其相反的极化）到达该区域，并且在足够的时间 比前一脉冲的到达时间，任何时刻的区域中的总功率密度小于给定的功率密度。 因此，穿过该区域的辐射的有效总功率密度可以超过给定的功率密度，而不会对该区域中的任何脉冲或物质产生不利影响。 典型地，该区域包括放大器，每个脉冲从该放大器以与每隔一个脉冲的出射角度至少其发散角度不同的角度出现（或者，如果与另一个脉冲以较小的角度与其相反的极化）出现。 每个出现的脉冲与其他脉冲分离，并且沿着这样的长度的路径被引导，以使得其基本上与其他脉冲同时到达所选择的位置（或者，在这样的时间相对于提供一个 在该位置预定的有效组合脉冲形状）。
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公开(公告)号：US4002403A
公开(公告)日：1977-01-11
申请号：US405444
申请日：1973-10-11
申请人： Philip J. Mallozzi , Harold M. Epstein , David C. Applebaum , William J. Gallagher , Bernerd E. Campbell
发明人： Philip J. Mallozzi , Harold M. Epstein , David C. Applebaum , William J. Gallagher , Bernerd E. Campbell
CPC分类号： H01S3/005
摘要： Methods and apparatus for directing a radiation pulse from a laser to a target or other selected location and preventing undesired earlier radiation from the laser having less than a selected intensity from reaching the selected location.A beam splitter directs a major portion of the radiation pulse energy along a longer main path to a predetermined region and continuing on toward the selected location, and directs a minor portion along a shorter secondary path to the predetermined region. A reflective surface on a transparent support in the predetermined region prevents energy having less than the selected intensity from continuing on toward the selected location. The surface comprises a thin layer, as of aluminum, that remains substantially unimpaired until it is subjected to radiation having at least the selected itensity, and then is substantially removed in the area impinged by such radiation, so that when the minor portion of the radiation pulse energy along the shorter secondary path has at least the selected intensity, and thus substantially removes the impinged area of the reflective layer, the major portion of the radiation pulse reaching the predetermined region thereafter can continue on through the area of removal toward the selected location.Alternatively, the minor energy portion actuates an electrical discharge to vaporize the reflective layer at least substantially.
摘要翻译： 用于将来自激光器的辐射脉冲引导到目标或其他选定位置并防止来自具有小于所选强度的激光器的不期望的较早辐射到达所选择的位置的方法和装置。
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