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    Directing radiation
    1.
    发明授权
    Directing radiation 失效
    导向辐射

    公开(公告)号：US4060769A

    公开(公告)日：1977-11-29

    申请号：US507877

    申请日：1974-09-20

    申请人： Philip J. Mallozzi ,  Harold M. Epstein ,  David C. Applebaum ,  William J. Gallagher ,  Bernerd E. Campbell

    发明人： Philip J. Mallozzi ,  Harold M. Epstein ,  David C. Applebaum ,  William J. Gallagher ,  Bernerd E. Campbell

    IPC分类号： H01S3/00 ,  H01S3/23 ,  G02B27/14

    CPC分类号： H01S3/2316 ,  H01S3/005 ,  H01S3/2383

    摘要： Methods and apparatus for directing radiation pulses to a region wherein either a pulse or a substance in the region is adversely affected by the presence of more than a given power density therein. A laser pulse is split into a plurality of portions and each portion is directed along a path of different length to provide in rapid succession a plurality of pulses each having less than the given power density. Each pulse is caused to arrive at the region at an angle differing by at least its divergence angle from the arrival angle of every other pulse (or, if at a smaller angle from another pulse, with opposite polarization therefrom) and at a time enough later than the arrival time of the preceding pulse that the total power density in the region at any instant is less than the given power density. Thus, the effective total power density of the radiation directed through the region may exceed the given power density without adversely affecting any pulse or substance in the region. Typically, the region comprises an amplifier from which each pulse emerges at an angle differing by at least its divergence angle from the emergence angle of every other pulse (or, if at a smaller angle from another pulse, with opposite polarization therefrom). Each emerging pulse is separated from the others and is directed along a path of such length as to cause it to arrive at the selected location substantially simultaneously with the other pulses (or, alternatively, at such time relative to the other pulses as to provide a predetermined effective combined pulse shape at the location).

    摘要翻译： 用于将辐射脉冲引导到其中该区域中的脉冲或物质的区域中的多于其给定功率密度的存在受到不利影响的区域的方法和装置。 激光脉冲被分成多个部分，并且每个部分沿着不同长度的路径被引导以快速连续地提供多个脉冲，每个脉冲具有小于给定的功率密度。 使每个脉冲以至少其发散角与每隔一个脉冲的到达角相差的角度（或者如果与另一个脉冲以较小的角度与其相反的极化）到达该区域，并且在足够的时间 比前一脉冲的到达时间，任何时刻的区域中的总功率密度小于给定的功率密度。 因此，穿过该区域的辐射的有效总功率密度可以超过给定的功率密度，而不会对该区域中的任何脉冲或物质产生不利影响。 典型地，该区域包括放大器，每个脉冲从该放大器以与每隔一个脉冲的出射角度至少其发散角度不同的角度出现（或者，如果与另一个脉冲以较小的角度与其相反的极化）出现。 每个出现的脉冲与其他脉冲分离，并且沿着这样的长度的路径被引导，以使得其基本上与其他脉冲同时到达所选择的位置（或者，在这样的时间相对于提供一个 在该位置预定的有效组合脉冲形状）。

    Suppressing superradiance
    2.
    发明授权
    Suppressing superradiance 失效
    抑制superradiance

    公开(公告)号：US4002403A

    公开(公告)日：1977-01-11

    申请号：US405444

    申请日：1973-10-11

    申请人： Philip J. Mallozzi ,  Harold M. Epstein ,  David C. Applebaum ,  William J. Gallagher ,  Bernerd E. Campbell

    发明人： Philip J. Mallozzi ,  Harold M. Epstein ,  David C. Applebaum ,  William J. Gallagher ,  Bernerd E. Campbell

    IPC分类号： H01S3/00 ,  G02B5/23

    CPC分类号： H01S3/005

    摘要： Methods and apparatus for directing a radiation pulse from a laser to a target or other selected location and preventing undesired earlier radiation from the laser having less than a selected intensity from reaching the selected location.A beam splitter directs a major portion of the radiation pulse energy along a longer main path to a predetermined region and continuing on toward the selected location, and directs a minor portion along a shorter secondary path to the predetermined region. A reflective surface on a transparent support in the predetermined region prevents energy having less than the selected intensity from continuing on toward the selected location. The surface comprises a thin layer, as of aluminum, that remains substantially unimpaired until it is subjected to radiation having at least the selected itensity, and then is substantially removed in the area impinged by such radiation, so that when the minor portion of the radiation pulse energy along the shorter secondary path has at least the selected intensity, and thus substantially removes the impinged area of the reflective layer, the major portion of the radiation pulse reaching the predetermined region thereafter can continue on through the area of removal toward the selected location.Alternatively, the minor energy portion actuates an electrical discharge to vaporize the reflective layer at least substantially.

    摘要翻译： 用于将来自激光器的辐射脉冲引导到目标或其他选定位置并防止来自具有小于所选强度的激光器的不期望的较早辐射到达所选择的位置的方法和装置。

    Producing X-rays
    3.
    发明授权
    Producing X-rays 失效
    生产X射线

    公开(公告)号：US4058486A

    公开(公告)日：1977-11-15

    申请号：US319756

    申请日：1972-12-29

    申请人： Philip J. Mallozzi ,  Harold M. Epstein ,  Richard G. Jung ,  David C. Applebaum ,  Barry P. Fairand ,  William J. Gallagher

    发明人： Philip J. Mallozzi ,  Harold M. Epstein ,  Richard G. Jung ,  David C. Applebaum ,  Barry P. Fairand ,  William J. Gallagher

    IPC分类号： G21G4/00 ,  H01S4/00 ,  H05G2/00 ,  H05H1/22

    CPC分类号： H05G2/001 ,  G21B1/23 ,  G21G4/00 ,  H01S4/00

    摘要： A method of producing X-rays by directing radiant energy from a laser onto a target. Conversion efficiency of at least about 3 percent is obtained by providing the radiant energy in a low-power precursor pulse of approximately uniform effective intensity focused onto the surface of the target for about 1 to 30 nanoseconds so as to generate an expanding unconfined coronal plasma having less than normal solid density throughout and comprising a low-density (underdense) region wherein the plasma frequency is less than the laser radiation frequency and a higher-density (overdense) region wherein the plasma frequency is greater than the laser radiation frequency and, about 1 to 30 nanoseconds after the precursor pulse strikes the target, a higher-power main pulse focused onto the plasma for about 10.sup.-3 to 30 nanoseconds and having such power density and total energy that the radiant energy is absorbed in the underdense region and conducted into the overdense region to heat it and thus to produce X-rays therefrom with the plasma remaining substantially below normal solid density and thus facilitating the substantial emission of X-rays in the form of spectral lines arising from nonequilibrium ionization states.The X-rays may be produced essentially as from a point source (i.e., they are spatially coherent) and thus are suitable for many applications that would otherwise require an X-ray laser. In some embodiments phase coherence is achieved, thus providing a true X-ray laser.In a similar method, providing a controlled nuclear fusion reaction, the target comprises alternate layers of high-Z and lower-Z material.

    摘要翻译： 通过将来自激光的辐射能引导到靶上来产生X射线的方法。 转换效率至少约为3％，通过将辐射能提供在目标表面上约1至30纳秒的大致均匀有效强度的低功率前驱脉冲中，以产生扩张的无限制冠状等离子体， 小于通常的固体密度，并且包括低密度（欠密度）区域，其中等离子体频率小于激光辐射频率，以及高密度（过度密度）区域，其中等离子体频率大于激光辐射频率，并且约 在前体脉冲撞击靶之后1至30纳秒，聚焦到等离子体上的大功率主脉冲约10-3至30纳秒，并具有辐射能量在欠密度区域中吸收的功率密度和总能量，并进行 进入过度区域以加热它，从而从其产生X射线，其中等离子体保持在基本上低于正常的固体密度 并因此促进以非平衡电离状态产生的光谱线形式的X射线的实质发射。

    Laser EXAFS
    5.
    发明授权
    Laser EXAFS 失效
    激光EXAFS

    公开(公告)号：US4317994A

    公开(公告)日：1982-03-02

    申请号：US105816

    申请日：1979-12-20

    申请人： Philip J. Mallozzi ,  Harold M. Epstein ,  Robert E. Schwerzel ,  Bernerd E. Campbell

    发明人： Philip J. Mallozzi ,  Harold M. Epstein ,  Robert E. Schwerzel ,  Bernerd E. Campbell

    IPC分类号： G01N23/06 ,  H05G2/00 ,  G01N23/20

    CPC分类号： H05G2/001 ,  G01N23/063

    摘要： Apparatus (10) for obtaining EXAFS data of a material (11). A lens (12) directs a pulse of radiant energy (13) from a laser (14) onto a metal target (15) to produce X-rays (16) of a selected spectrum and intensity at the target (15). A baffle (17) directs X-rays (16) from the target (15) onto a spectral dispersive monochromator (18) which directs the spectrally resolved X-rays (16R) therefrom onto a photographic film 20. A film of material (11) is located in the path (22) of only a portion (16L) of the X-rays (16) throughout a selected spectral band, and the resolved X-rays (16R) directed onto the photographic film (20) form two separate images thereon comprising a reference spectrum (26R) representative of a portion of the X-rays (16U) throughout the selected band that was not affected by the film of material (11) and an absorption spectrum (26A) representative of a portion of the X-rays (16L) throughout the selected band that was modified by transmission through the film of material (11). The laser pulse (13) typically has a width of less than about 10 nanoseconds, and the material (11) may be in a highly transient state.

    摘要翻译： 用于获得材料（11）的EXAFS数据的装置（10）。 透镜（12）将来自激光器（14）的辐射能（13）的脉冲引导到金属靶（15）上以产生在目标（15）处选择的光谱和强度的X射线（16）。 挡板（17）将X射线（16）从靶（15）引导到光谱色散单色仪（18）上，光谱色散单色仪（18）将光谱分辨的X射线（16R）引导到照相胶片20上。材料膜（11 ）位于仅在X射线（16）的一部分（16L）的整个所选光谱带的路径（22）中，并且指向摄影胶片（20）的分辨X射线（16R）形成两个分开的 其上包括代表不受材料膜（11）影响的整个所选带的X射线（16U）的一部分的参考光谱（26R）的图像和代表材料（11）的一部分的吸收光谱（26A） X射线（16L）遍及通过材料（11）的薄膜传输而被修饰的整个选定的带。 激光脉冲（13）通常具有小于约10纳秒的宽度，并且材料（11）可以处于高度瞬态。

    Providing X-rays
    6.
    发明授权
    Providing X-rays 失效
    提供X射线

    公开(公告)号：US4484339A

    公开(公告)日：1984-11-20

    申请号：US396980

    申请日：1982-07-09

    申请人： Philip J. Mallozzi ,  Harold M. Epstein

    发明人： Philip J. Mallozzi ,  Harold M. Epstein

    IPC分类号： G21G4/00 ,  G01T1/36 ,  G01N23/20 ,  G01T7/00 ,  H01J39/02

    CPC分类号： G21G4/00

    摘要： Apparatus for providing X-rays (11) to an object (12) in air. A lens (13) directs energy (14) from a laser (27) onto a target (15) to produce X-rays (11) of a selected spectrum and intensity. A substantially fluid-tight first enclosure (16) around the target (15) has a pressure therein substantially below atmospheric pressure. An adjacent substantially fluid-tight second enclosure (18) contains helium (24) at about atmospheric pressure. A wall (19) has an opening (20) large enough to permit X-rays (11) to pass through and yet small enough that gas (21) can be evacuated from the first enclosure (16) at least as fast as it enters through the opening (20) at the desired pressure. Intermediate enclosures (34, 34') at logarithmically increasing air pressures have similar openings (20', 20") in line with the opening (20) and a transparent portion (36) in the near wall (35) of the second enclosure (18). The target (15) is located close to the opening (20) and emits a substantial portion of the X-rays (11) through the opening (20) and (via 20',20",36) on toward the far wall (22) of the second enclosure (18) having a portion (25) that is highly transparent to them, so that the object (12) to which the X-rays (11) are to be provided may be located outside the second enclosure (18) and adjacent thereto and thus receive the X-rays (11) substantially unimpeded by air or other undesired intervening matter.

    摘要翻译： 用于在空气中向物体（12）提供X射线（11）的装置。 透镜（13）将来自激光器（27）的能量（14）引导到目标（15）上以产生所选光谱和强度的X射线（11）。 围绕靶（15）的基本上不流体密封的第一外壳（16）的压力基本上低于大气压。 相邻的基本上不流体密封的第二外壳（18）在约大气压下包含氦（24）。 壁（19）具有足够大的开口（20），以允许X射线（11）通过，并且足够小，使得气体（21）可以至少与其进入的速度一样快地从第一外壳（16）排出 通过所述开口（20）以期望的压力。 在对数增加的空气压力下的中间壳体（34,34'）具有与开口（20）成一直线的相似的开口（20'，20“）和在第二壳体的近壁（35）中的透明部分 （18）。 目标（15）位于开口（20）附近，并且通过开口（20）和（经由20'，20“，36）将X射线（11）的大部分发射到远壁 所述第二外壳（18）的所述物体（22）具有对其高度透明的部分（25），使得要设置所述X射线（11）的物体（12）可以位于所述第二外壳 （18）并且与其相邻并因此接收基本上不被空气或其他不期望的中间物质阻挡的X射线（11）。