摘要:
There is disclosed a method of coloring cigarette paper. Cigarette paper is made by forming a furnish, adding at least one colorant to the furnish, forming a sheet of paper from the thus treated furnish, and adding at least one colorant to the paper to produce a variety of tans/browns and red-brown cigarette wrapper.
摘要:
A dual function composite oxygen transport membrane having a layered structure of mixed conducting oxygen transport materials on a first side of a porous substrate and a reforming catalyst layer on an opposing second side of the porous substrate. The layered structure of the mixed conducting oxygen transport materials contains an intermediate porous layer of mixed conducting oxygen transport materials formed on the porous substrate with a dense impervious layer of mixed conducting oxygen transport materials over the intermediate porous layer, and an optional surface exchange layer of mixed conducting oxygen transport materials over the dense impervious layer. The layered structure and the reforming catalyst layer are formed in separate steps.
摘要:
A method of operating an oxygen transport membrane based reforming system employing one or more packs of thermally coupled panels of reformer tubes and oxygen transport membrane (“OTM”) reactors close to thermo-neutral point is provided. The method produces syngas by converting a hydrocarbon-containing feed, such as natural gas in the reformer tubes of a pack by endothermic steam reforming reactions. The heat required for endothermic reforming reactions is provided by exothermic oxidizing reactions occurring inside the OTM reactors of the pack. At a thermo-neutral point the heat released by exothermic reactions matches the heat required to support endothermic reactions and heat losses in the pack. The method modulates the flow rate of hydrocarbon-containing feed and/or steam-to-carbon ratio of the combined feed to the pack to maintain the surface temperature of oxygen transport membrane reactors below a target maximum temperature. The syngas product oxygen-to-carbon ratio is maintained within a desired target range such that the OTM based reforming system is operated close to thermo-neutral point.
摘要:
A system and method for air temperature control in an oxygen transport membrane based reactor is provided. The system and method involves introducing a specific quantity of cooling air or trim air in between stages in a multistage oxygen transport membrane based reactor or furnace to maintain generally consistent surface temperatures of the oxygen transport membrane elements and associated reactors. The associated reactors may include reforming reactors, boilers or process gas heaters.
摘要:
An oxygen transport membrane assembly having a coating or overlay system is provided. The overlay or coating system is disposed on the one or more surfaces of the metal containing components within the oxygen transport membrane assembly and comprises a plurality of protective layers providing oxidation resistance, chromium diffusion barrier and high emissivity. The disclosed overlay or coating system may include at least one layer of an aluminum oxide or magnesium-aluminum oxide to provide an effective oxidation resistance and/or chromium diffusion barrier. In addition, the overlay or coating system includes a high emissivity layer such as a high porosity ceramic-oxide layer or an aluminum-phosphate layer including a plurality of carbon encapsulated within the aluminum-phosphate matrix.
摘要:
A method and apparatus for producing heat used in a synthesis gas production process is provided. The disclosed method and apparatus include a plurality of tubular oxygen transport membrane elements adapted to separate oxygen from an oxygen containing stream contacting the retentate side of the membrane elements. The permeated oxygen is combusted with a hydrogen containing synthesis gas stream contacting the permeate side of the tubular oxygen transport membrane elements thereby generating a reaction product stream and radiant heat. The present method and apparatus also includes at least one catalytic reactor containing a catalyst to promote the steam reforming reaction wherein the catalytic reactor is surrounded by the plurality of tubular oxygen transport membrane elements. The view factor between the catalytic reactor and the plurality of tubular oxygen transport membrane elements radiating heat to the catalytic reactor is greater than or equal to 0.5.
摘要:
A method for fueling a solid oxide fuel cell stack is provided. The method includes passing a first portion of hydrocarbon fuel through a catalytic hydrocarbon reformer to generate a first reformate. The first reformate is passed through a hydrocarbon cracker to generate a second reformate such that a portion of any non-reformed hydrocarbon fuel in the first reformate is converted to methane. The second reformate is supplied to the fuel cell stack.
摘要:
A housing rotatably supports a desiccant wheel, Ambient air passes through one part of the housing and hot exhaust air passes through the other part. As the wheel rotates, it absorbs moisture from the ambient air in part of the housing and desorbs moisture into the exhaust air in the other part. A fuel cell system supplies the hot exhaust air directly to the desiccant wheel, The dry ambient air is directed to an evaporative cooler and divided between dry channels and wet channels, The air passing through the dry channels cools to be directed to a conditioned space. The air passing through the wet channels evaporates water in the channels facilitating heat transfer and adding moisture to that air. The air from the wet channels is optionally added back into the air from the dry channels to provide appropriate humidity.
摘要:
An SOFC stack system including a reformer and fuel flow arrangement permitting optimized fuel reforming at all power load levels between 0% and 100%. A portion of the anode tail gas is combined with fresh air and fuel. The mixture is sent to a main reformer configured for endothermic reforming. Reformate is sent through a hydrocarbon cracker that breaks any hydrocarbons in the reformate into methane before the reformate enters the stack. At 100% load, there is no reforming in the main reformer; all of the fuel is internally reformed within the stack. At 0% load, all of the fuel is reformed in the main reformer. At loads between 0% and 100%, reforming is a mixture of endothermic reforming in the main reformer and internal reforming of methane within the stack. This strategy allows highest fuel processing efficiencies available through the full range of stack operation.
摘要:
A solid-oxide fuel cell system including an integrated reforming unit comprising a hydrocarbon fuel reformer; an integral tail gas and cathode air combustor and reformer heat exchanger; a fuel pre-heater and fuel injector cooler; a fuel injector and fuel/air mixer and vaporizer; a reforming air pre-heating heat exchanger; a reforming air temperature control valve and means; and a pre-reformer start-up combustor. The integration of a plate reformer, tail gas combustor, and combustor gas heat exchanger allows for efficient operation modes of the reformer, both endothermic and exothermic as desired. The combustor gas heat exchanger aids in temperature regulation of the reformer and reduces significant thermal gradients in the unit.