Abstract:
Electrochemiluminescent enzymes, their preparation and use as biosensors are disclosed. Specifically, two appendages are covalently attached to a desired dehydrogenase enzyme; (1) a nicotinamide adenine cofactor or analog thereof, and (2) a luminescent ruthenium complex. For example, glucose concentration is the following way. A doubly-modified glucose dehydrogenase could oxidize glucose with concomitant reduction of the attached NAD to NADH. Because NADH, but not NAD , is able to interact with surface ruthenium to promote ECL, only enzyme molecules that have reacted with glucose will emit light from their ruthenium label in an ECL instrument. The relative close proximity of NADH and ruthenium on the enzyme surface enhances light emission as compared to the same concentrations in free solution. When NADH reduces ruthenium, it returns to become NAD , permitting multiple cycles of ECL light emission from a single enzyme molecule. Such biosensors can be used in solution or bound to a solid surface. Assays employing the biosensor molecules can be performed on an IGEN Origen3 Analyzer.
Abstract:
An apparatus and method for conducting measurements of electrochemiluminescent (ECL) phenomena includes a cell unit (14) having an electrode configuration for inducing the emission of ECL light by the application of a selected voltage waveform to a sample fluid including an ECL moiety. The sample fluid is transported to and from the cell unit (14) by a flow-through pump/tubing system. A photomultiplier tube (20) detects the intensity of light emitted by the sample fluid during the ECL measurement process. A computer control unit (12) both analyzes the detected data and provides digital control signals to the cell unit to generate effective voltage waveforms. The digital control signals are supplied to a novel pulse width modulated digital to analog converter which outputs a ramp voltage waveform having the desired slope.
Abstract:
A system measures the quantum energy levels of a diamond nitrogen vacancy (DNV) material to provide information regarding the quality of the material. The measurements may provide information regarding the degree of strain in the crystal lattice of the material, the concentration of crystal defect in the material, the concentration of nitrogen vacancy (NV) centers in the material, or the concentration of impurities in the material. The system may be employed to perform quality control checks on the properties of the DNV material quickly and non-destructively.
Abstract:
Apparatus, methods, and systems related to a thin-layer spectroelectrochemistry cell; electrically coupling a second end of a working electrical wire lead, a second end of a counter electrical wire lead, and a second end of a reference electrical wire lead to a potentiostat; introducing a conductive fluid into a cell body in the spectroelectrochemistry cell; introducing a detection species into the cell body; introducing a sample into the cell body; applying a voltage potential across the transparent sample window to drive an electrochemical reaction between the detection species and the sample in the transparent sample window fluid; transmitting electromagnetic radiation into an optical path through the transparent sample window, thereby optically interacting the electromagnetic radiation with the transparent sample window fluid to generate modified electromagnetic radiation; receiving the modified electromagnetic radiation with a detector; and generating an output signal corresponding to a characteristic of the sample.
Abstract:
A computer-implemented system is provided and includes a processor and a memory accessible by the processor, with the system being configured to measure light performance properties of a gemstone and generate an objective grade for the gemstone.
Abstract:
The specification provides an assay electrode including a composite containing a matrix and a multiplicity of graphene particles dispersed therein.
Abstract:
A sensor (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8) comprising a first diamond substrate (9) with at least one colour centre (15), the sensor (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8) further comprising a first piezomagnetic (10) or piezoelectric primary element (11), which primary element (10, 11) is arranged to interact with the colour centre(s) (15) of the first diamond substrate (9).
Abstract:
Non-contact measurement of one or more electrical response characteristics of a LED structure includes illuminating an illumination area of a surface of a light emitting diode structure with one or more light pulses, measuring a transient of a luminescence signal from a luminescence area within the illumination area of the light emitting diode structure with a luminescence sensor, determining a first luminescence intensity at a first time of the measured transient of the luminescence signal from the light emitting diode structure, determining a second luminescence intensity at a second time different from the first time of the measured transient of the luminescence signal from the light emitting diode structure and determining an intensity of the electroluminescence component of the luminescence signal from the light emitting diode structure based on the first luminescence signal and the second luminescence signal.