摘要:
A process for biomass catalytic cracking is disclosed herein. More specifically, the process is in presence of is a mixed metal oxide catalyst represented by the formula (X1O)° (X2O)a° (X3YbO4) wherein X1, X2 and X3 are alkaline earth elements selected from the group of Mg, Ca, Be, Ba, and mixture thereof, and Y is a metal selected from the group of Al, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cr, Ga, B, La, P and mixture thereof, wherein the catalyst is formed by calcining at least one compound comprising at least one alkaline earth element and a metal element.
摘要:
A process for biomass catalytic cracking is disclosed herein. More specifically, the process is in presence of is a mixed metal oxide catalyst represented by the formula (X 1 O)• (X 2 O) a • (X 3 Y b O 4 ) wherein X 1 , X 2 and X 3 are alkaline earth elements selected from the group of Mg, Ca, Be, Ba, and mixture thereof, and Y is a metal selected from the group of Al, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cr, Ga, B, La, P and mixture thereof, wherein the catalyst is formed by calcining at least one compound comprising at least one alkaline earth element and a metal element.
摘要:
A process is disclosed for preparing biomass particles for thermolytic or enzymatic conversion whereby the biomass particles having a moisture content of at least 20% are subjected to flash heating. The flash heating may be preceded by one or more adsorption/desorption cycles with water or steam. A swelling aid may be added during the adsorption part of an adsorption/desorption cycle.
摘要:
A process is disclosed for preparing fluidizable particles of a biomass/catalyst composite material. The process comprises the steps of (i) providing a particulate, solid biomass material; (ii) forming a composite of the biomass material and a catalytic material; (iii) subjecting the biomass material to a thermal treatment at a torrefaction temperature at or above 200 0C, and low enough to avoid significant conversion of the biomass material to liquid conversion products; and (iv) forming fluidizable particles from the biomass material. Step (ii) may be carried out before or after step (iii).
摘要:
A process is disclosed for pretreating lignocellulosic biomass. The process comprises swelling the lignocellulosic biomass with an aqueous liquid. The pretreated lignocellulosic biomass may be used as a feedstock for the enzymatic conversion to ethanol, or in a thermal conversion process to produce bio-oil.The pretreatment results in a greater yield and, in the case of a thermal conversion process, a better quality of the bio-oil. The pretreatment process may be used to adjust the composition and amount of inorganic material present in the lignocellulosic biomass material.
摘要:
The preparation of Anderson-type heteropolyanions that are more economical and environmentally attractive, as well as more suitable for industrial, large-scale production, is disclosed generally comprising the steps of providing at least one solid source of a polyvalent metal Me, heat treating the at least one solid source of a polyvalent metal Me, and contacting the heat treated polyvalent metal Me with an aqueous solution of at least one source of a transition metal TM, wherein the polyvalent metal Me is not the same as the transition metal TM, and wherein the atomic ratio TM:Me is at least about 2.5.
摘要:
Methods for treating a tar sands formation are described herein. Methods for treating a tar sands may include heating a portion of a hydrocarbon layer in the formation from one or more heaters located in the portion. The heat may be controlled to increase the permeability of at least part of the portion to create an injection zone in the portion with an average permeability sufficient to allow injection of a fluid through the injection zone. A drive fluid and/or an oxidizing fluid may be provided into the injection zone. At least some hydrocarbons are produced from the portion.
摘要:
An austenitic stainless steel displaying high temperature oxidation and creep resistance has a composition that includes in weight percent 12 to 37 Ni, 10 to 25 Cr, 2 to 3.5 Al, 0 to 1 Nb, and 0.03 to 0.15 C, and that is free of or has very low levels of N, Ti and V. The alloy forms an external continuous alumina protective scale to provide a high oxidation resistance at temperatures of 700 to 800 °C and a stable essentially single phase fee austenitic matrix microstructure to give high strength and high creep resistance at these temperatures.
摘要:
Systems, methods, and/or heaters for treating subsurface formations are described. Some systems and methods generally relate to heaters and heating systems for subsurface formations. Some systems and methods generally relate to novel components used for these heaters and heating systems. Some systems and methods generally relate to barriers and components associated with barriers used in treating subsurface formations. Some systems and methods generally relate to production wells and novel components for producing fluids from subsurface formations.