摘要:
The present invention provides a novel cost efficient method for carbonizing lignocellulosic material to carbonized particles or agglomerates, preferably carbon powder. Also uses of said particles or agglomerates are disclosed.
摘要:
This invention relates to a ring opening method. The method includes reacting an epoxidized fatty acid ester with an alcohol to open an epoxy ring of the ester. A salt of tetrafluoroboric acid is used as a catalyst in the reaction. In another embodiment, the invention relates to a method of producing a polyurethane. An epoxidized fatty acid ester is reacted with an alcohol to open an epoxy ring of the ester, thereby to produce a polyol. A salt of tetrafluoroboric acid is used as a catalyst in the reaction. The polyol is then reacted with an isocyanate to produce a polyurethane. In a further embodiment, the polyol is used to produce a product selected from polyurethanes, coatings, adhesives, sealants, elastomers and lubricants.
摘要:
Methods, systems, and devices for liquid hydrocarbon fuel production, hydrocarbon chemical production, and aerosol capture are provided. For example, a carbon-oxygen-hydrogen (C-O-H) compound may be heated to a temperature of at least 800 degrees Celsius such that the C-O-H compound reacts through a non-oxidation reaction to generate at least a hydrocarbon compound that may be at least a component of a liquid hydrocarbon fuel or a hydrocarbon chemical. The liquid hydrocarbon fuel may be a liquid when at a temperature of 20 degrees Celsius. The C-O-H compound may include biomass. In some cases, the hydrocarbon compound produced through the non-oxidation reaction includes a hydrocarbon aerosol form as the hydrocarbon compound at least as it is produced or cools. Some embodiments include aerosol capture methods, systems, and devices, which may include passing a hydrocarbon aerosol form through a material in a liquid phase in order to gather the aerosol material.
摘要:
An IBTL system having a low GHG footprint for converting biomass to liquid fuels in which a biomass feed is converted to liquids by direct liquefaction and the liquids are upgraded to produce premium fuels. Biomass residues from the direct liquefaction, and optionally additional biomass is pyrolyzed to produce structured biochar, hydrogen for the liquefaction and upgrading, and CO 2 for conversion to algae, including blue green algae (cyanobacteria) in a photobioreactor (PBR). Produced algae and diazotrophic microorganisms are used to produce a biofertilizer that also contains structured biochar. The structured biochar acts as a nucleation agent for the algae in the PBR, as a absorption agent to absorb inorganics from the biomass feed to direct liquefaction or from the liquids produced thereby, and as a water retention agent in the biofertilizer.
摘要:
A system includes a gas turbine engine having a combustor, and a fuel blending system. The fuel blending system further includes a first fuel supply configured to supply a first fuel, a second fuel supply configured to supply a second fuel, a first fuel circuit, a second fuel circuit, and a controller. The first fuel circuit may be configured to blend the first fuel and the second fuel to form a first fuel mixture. The second fuel circuit may be configured to blend the first fuel and the second fuel to form a second fuel mixture. The controller may be configured to regulate blending of the first fuel mixture and the second fuel mixture based on a measured composition of the first fuel.
摘要:
Economic conversion of lignocellulose requires both the maximization of conversion of available carbohydrates, as well as minimization of process capital cost. Process intensification minimizes capital cost while preserving conversion yield by combining into a single step those unit operations that are conducted at similar conditions. Flowsheet variations are proposed that minimize process capital while maintaining overall conversion yield.
摘要:
Die Erfindung betrifft eine Vorrichtung (1) zur stofflichen Behandlung von Rohstoffen. Die Vorrichtung (1) weist ein Heizsystem (2), eine Destillationseinheit (3) und eine Reaktionseinheit (3) auf. Die Reaktionseinheit ist mit den Rohstoffen zur Behandlung beschickbar ausgebildet. Das Heizsystem kann zur Bestückung mit der Reaktionseinheit geöffnet und geschlossen werden. Das Heizsystem (2) umfasst ein Kopfelement (7) und ein fest mit dem Kopfelement (7) verbundenes Mantelelement (8) sowie Stützelemente (6). Das Kopfelement (7) ist an den in vertikaler Richtung in der Länge veränderbaren Stützelementen (6) gehaltert angeordnet, sodass durch die Veränderung der Länge der Stützelemente (6) zwischen zwei Endpositionen das Heizsystem (2) in vertikaler Bewegungsrichtung (B) geöffnet und geschlossen werden kann. Des Weiteren betrifft die Erfindung ein Verfahren zum Betreiben einer Vorrichtung zur stofflichen Behandlung von Rohstoffen.
摘要:
Digesting cellulosic biomass solids in the presence of a well-distributed slurry catalyst capable of activating molecular hydrogen may limit the amount of degradation products that form during digestion. Methods for digesting cellulosic biomass solids can comprise: providing cellulosic biomass solids and a slurry catalyst in a hydrothermal digestion unit, the slurry catalyst being capable of activating molecular hydrogen; distributing the slurry catalyst within the cellulosic biomass solids using upwardly directed fluid flow in the hydrothermal digestion unit; heating the cellulosic biomass solids in the hydrothermal digestion unit in the presence of the slurry catalyst, a digestion solvent, and molecular hydrogen, thereby forming a liquor phase comprising soluble carbohydrates; and performing a first catalytic reduction reaction on the soluble carbohydrates within the hydrothermal digestion unit, thereby at least partially forming a reaction product comprising a triol, a diol, a monohydric alcohol, or any combination thereof in the hydrothermal digestion unit.
摘要:
Embodiments of the present invention provide for efficient and economical production and recovery of ethanol or other volatile organic compounds, such as acetic acid, from solid biomass material, particularly on a larger scale, such as on the commercialization or industrial scale. According to one aspect of the invention, the method comprises (a) generating at least about 10 tons of prepared biomass material by adding a microbe, optionally an acid, and optionally, an enzyme to a solid biomass; (b) storing the prepared biomass material for at least about 24 hours in a storage facility to allow production of at least one volatile organic compound from at least a portion of the sugar in the solid biomass; and (c) capturing the at least one volatile organic compound by using a solventless recovery system.
摘要:
Methods of producing renewable materials may include consuming a fermentation feedstock with a fermentation organism to produce a renewable material in fermentation broth; water may then be separated from the feedstock or broth using one or more phase separations, or the renewable material may be concentrated from the feedstock or broth using one or more phase separations. Methods of producing biofuel components may include consuming a lignocellulosic or sugar fermentation feedstock with a fermentation organism to produce either ethanol or butanol in fermentation broth; cooling the feedstock or broth to solidify at least some water therein; and separating the solidified water from the feedstock or broth using a solid-liquid phase separation.