Abstract:
An apparatus for forming a vacuum in a sealed enclosure through an electrochemical reaction includes an electrochemical cell comprising a cathode and an anode supported on a solid electrolyte. The solid electrolyte is a Li-ion non-volatile electrolyte containing a dissolved metal salt. The cathode is constructed of a material with which lithium is known to form alloys. The anode is constructed of a lithium-ion containing material. The cell is operable to expose lithium metal on the cathode.
Abstract:
Die vorliegende Erfindung betrifft ein Verfahren zur elektrochemischen Abscheidung von nanoskaligen Katalysatorpartikeln unter Verwendung einer als Gegenelektrode für die Arbeitselektrode fungierenden Wasserstoffverzehranode, wobei eine gleichzeitige Entwicklung von Wasserstoff an der Arbeitselektrode weitgehend oder vollständig vermieden wird.
Abstract:
Axially fed fluid is sheared during long residence time in a radial workspace between counter-rotating coaxial disk-shaped centrifugal impellers. Gases evolve in the fractal turbulence of a shear layer, which is forced between laminar boundary layers, and an axial suction pump axially extracts evolved noncondensibles and volatiles through cores of radial vortices in the shear layer. Cavitation due to shear between the impellers kills pathogens by shock waves, microjets, OH radicals, and nearby UV light pulses. Oppositely charged electrodes bounding the workspace cause electroporesis and electrohydraulic cavitation. The electrodes are counter- rotating ridged armatures of disk dynamos, forming a dynamic capacitor having audio frequency pulsed electric fields. Electrode erosion by arcing is prevented by shear between the electrodes. The device is also a continuous crystallizer. Inductive repulsion keeps conductive fractions, including suspended metals such as arsenic and mercury, and mineralized water and brine, from passing through the dynamic capacitor at the periphery of the reactor along with the nonconductive solvent. Solutions reach saturation while gases such as carbon dioxide are axially extracted. Metals and concentrated dissolved solids linger in the highly turbulent workspace and agglomerate into chunks, until reaching a size where momentum transfer from the impellers can impel the chunk through the inductive repulsion. Atomized water sprays from the periphery of the workspace and evaporatively cools, precipitating salt and fine crystals of pharmaceuticals. Scale forming compounds precipitate in the reactor into chunks which are easily separable from cooling water or reverse osmosis feed by conventional means. Electrolytic cracking neutralizes ammonia and VOCs.
Abstract:
The invention relates to a method and a device (11, 111) for coating, for example, printed circuit boards (17, 117), using a coating bath (13, 113). Said coating bath (13) contains sound sources (21) which generate ultrasound towards the surface of the printed circuit board (17) in such a way that gas bubbles are driven out of the treatment liquid of the coating bath (13), improving the coating of the printed circuit board (17).
Abstract:
Plating method and apparatus capable of making a plating liquid enter fine grooves and holes formed in a base to be plated, without adding a surfactant to the plating liquid; and carrying out a plating operation which enables the formation of a high-quality plated layer free from the occurrence of missing portions and defective portions, the plating method being adapted to subject the base to be plated to electrolytic or electroless plating, and comprising subjecting the object base to plating after a dissolved gas in the plating liquid is deaerated or while a dissolved gas in the plating liquid is being deaerated; and/or subjecting the object base to a pretreatment after the dissolved gas in a pretreatment liquid is deaerated or while a dissolved gas in the pretreatment liquid is being deaerated, and thereafter subjecting the resultant base to plating.
Abstract:
A substrate processor uses pressurized gas to create a vortex for lifting and holding a wafer, and to create a vacuum to prevent the wafer from adhering to a contact ring seal after electroplating the wafer. A processor head has a rotor movable into and out of an electrolyte vessel. A backing plate on the rotor includes vortex outlets which create the vortex in the rotor. A vacuum channel adjacent to the perimeter of the rotor applies vacuum to the wafer edges to hold the wafer onto the backing plate. A solenoid or switch in the head has a first position to supply gas flow to the vortex outlets, and a second position to supply gas flow to an aspirator which creates the vacuum in the vacuum channel.
Abstract:
Die Galvanonanlage hat mehrere Bädern (22, 24, 26), mindestens einen Warenträger (28) für die Aufnahme von zu behandelnder Ware (30) und eine Transportvorrichtung (36) für den Transport des mindestens einen Warenträgers (28) zu den einzelnen Bädern (22, 24, 26). Die Transportvorrichtung (36) weist mindestens einen Hub-Transportwagen (40) auf. Es ist eine lösbare Kupplungsvorrichtung (44) vorgesehen, die zwischen Hub-Transportwagen (40) und Warenträger (28) angeordnet ist. Der Hub-Transportwagen (40) weist eine Einhausung (34) auf, die ein Bad (22) übergreift, haubenförmig ausgebildet ist und nur nach unten offen ist. Diese Einhausung (34) hat einen Ventilator (48) und einen Luftreiniger (52).