Abstract:
A method for digesting at least one analyte of an aqueous sample includes the following steps: introducing an aqueous sample comprising at least one analyte into a digestion device comprising one or more carbon substituted material electrodes; digesting the at least one analyte by applying an electrical potential between an anode and a cathode of the digestion device, wherein the digesting comprises a stepwise disintegration; measuring the at least one analyte of the aqueous sample from the digested material, using a measurement device selected from the group consisting of: an electrochemical device and an optical measurement device; and modifying the electrical potential based upon the measurement of the at least one analyte.
Abstract:
A method for detection and determination of organic compounds by means of electrochemical activation in an electrochemical cell is described. The flow electrochemical cell provides an alternative to separation methods, upstream mass spectroscopy for the identification and study of particular organic substances. The electrochemically generated ions substances entering the electrochemical cell formed by their oxidation or reduction or electrochemically generated ions from the electrode material and forming adducts with substances contained in the sample matrix are then qualitatively or quantitatively analyzed with a mass spectrometer. The electrochemical activation can be used even for substances that are in the mass spectrometer otherwise undetectable. Thanks to the interchangeable system of the working electrodes the device is applicable in laboratories for serial analysis. Alternatively this cell can be used for specific purposes of basic research, where the easy handling and the possibility of alternative exchange working electrodes (possible to select different electrode e.g. Cu, Ag and Au) allows further modification of the electrochemical system.˙
Abstract:
An apparatus comprises a transducer having a first output signal and arranged to receive an electrical input. The transducer switches the first output signal between an ON and OFF state. The apparatus comprises a chemical sensing surface coupled to the transducer arranged to receive a chemical input.A signal generator oscillates one or more of said inputs to vary the switching point of the transducer. The oscillating input may be the chemical input and/or the electrical input. The output signal may be a pulse whose period ON or OFF is determined by the oscillating input modulated by the chemical input.
Abstract:
The present invention relates to the measurement of the progress of a chemical reaction that generates an electroactive reaction product that is subsequently detected at an electrode amperometrically or coulometrically. The method is useful in applications where it is desirable to follow the progress of a chemical reaction, particularly in sensor applications where the progress of the reaction of an analyte can be useful in determining the analyte concentration. Sensors used in such applications may include a working electrode (2) and a counter electrode (3) disposed on an electrically insulating substrate (1), and may also include a second substrate (5) upon which is disposed a layer of chemical reactants (4).
Abstract:
The invention relates to a formed tablet calibration standard-reagent for calibrating Karl Fischer reactions for determining water content in a substance, said reagent containing a first component, namely sodium tartrate dihydrate, and a second component, namely magnesium stearate. The invention further relates to a method for determining the water content of a substance using a Karl Fischer analysis. The invention further relates to a formed tablet calibration standard-reagent kit, comprising a sealed package containing said formed tablet calibration standard-reagent.
Abstract:
Methods of monitoring and evaluating the status of a tumor undergoing treatment includes monitoring in vivo at least one physiological parameter associated with a tumor in a subject undergoing treatment, transmitting data from an in situ located sensor to a receiver external of the subject, analyzing the transmitted data, repeating the monitoring and transmitting steps at sequential points in time and evaluating a treatment strategy. The method provides dynamic tracking of the monitored parameters over time. The method can also include identifying in a substantially real time manner when conditions are favorable for treatment and when conditions are unfavorable for treatment and can verify or quantify how much of a known drug dose or radiation dose was actually received at the tumor. The method can include remote transmission from a non-clinical site to allow oversight of the tumor's condition even during non-active treatment periods (in between active treatments). The disclosure also includes monitoring systems with in situ in vivo biocompatible sensors and telemetry based operations and related computer program products.
Abstract:
An automatic sanitizing system (12) accurately maintains a desired concentration of a sanitizing agent within a water feature (7) filled with water. The automatic sanitizing system (12) includes a sanitizing agent generator (20), an amperometric sensor and a control system (1). The sanitizing agent generator (20) communicates with the water feature (7). The amperometric sensor includes a probe (6) positioned in contact with water and generates an output signal indicative of the concentration of sanitizing agent in the water. The control system (1) receives the signal from the sensor (6) and operates the generator (20) at least between an active state and an inactive state depending on the concentration of the sanitizing agent in the water. The concentration of the sanitizing agent in the water is automatically maintained within a preset range.
Abstract:
A titration electrode device for measuring the amount of a species in solution in a test liquid comprises a counter electrode and a generator electrode both in a chamber for receiving a thin layer of test liquid, the two electrodes being located in respective compartments within the chamber such that ionic conduction between the compartments is permitted but diffusion of electrogenerated reagents between the compartments is restricted, the device including reference and sensor electrodes in the chamber.
Abstract:
Method and apparatus for deriving an alkalinity measurement, including: introducing a fluid sample; measuring, a phosphate amount of the fluid sample using a colorimetric reagent; measuring a pH of the fluid sample, wherein the pH of the fluid sample correlates to a hydroxide amount of the fluid sample; introducing an acid to convert all the inorganic carbon to carbon dioxide; applying a positive potential to the SP3 substituted carbon electrode; introducing, prior to or substantially simultaneously during the application of the positive potential to the SP3 substituted carbon electrode and in the reaction chamber, at least one acid reagent comprising a metallic catalyst that converts the carbonate and the partially oxidized species to carbon dioxide; determining total organic carbon by detecting an amount of carbon dioxide produced by the oxidation; determining the total organic carbon from the oxidation of the organic carbon species, and determining a derived alkalinity based upon the phosphate amount, the hydroxide amount, and the amount of carbon dioxide generated from the inorganic carbon.