摘要:
Methods of making fuel are described herein. A method may include providing a first working fluid, a second working fluid, and a third working fluid. The method may further include exposing the first working fluid to a first high-voltage electric field to produce a first plasma, exposing the second working fluid to a second high-voltage electric field to produce a second plasma, and exposing the third working fluid to a third high-voltage electric field to produce a third plasma. The method may also include contacting the third plasma, the second plasma, and the first plasma to form a plasma mixture, cooling the plasma mixture using a heat exchange device to form a cooled plasma mixture, and contacting the cooled plasma mixture with a catalyst to form a fuel fluid.
摘要:
Methods and apparatus for synthesizing biodiesel (40) using alkali alkoxide (30) generated on-site using an electrochemical process are disclosed. The apparatus and methods are disclosed to converting alkali salts of glycerine into glycerine and thereby facilitate the separation of clean glycerine (72) from biodiesel (70). These methods are enabled by the use of alkali ion conductive ceramic membranes (16 and 42) in electrolytic cells (12 and 14).
摘要:
A shell impregnated catalyst of Pd-Au produced on a silica support to have a Pd loading of 1.8 g/L of catalyst to about 7.2 g/L and a Au to Pd weight ratio of 0.3 to 2.0 by impregnating the support with aqueous solutions of palladium and gold salts or acids and thereafter precipitating water insoluble compounds of Pd and Au on the with alkali metal silicate or hydroxide solutions, then dried, and the surface precipitated compounds of Pd and Au are then reduced by reaction with ethylene or hydrogen at a temperature of greater than 150 °C up to 310 °C or with hydrogen up to 299 °C until substantially all of the Pd and Au contents are reduced to a free metal state, after which the support is impregnated with potassium acetate to an extent of 6 to 7 weight percent of the weight of the total catalyst. For production of vinyl acetate (VA) such catalyst has a space-time yield (STY) and specific activity (SA) about 20-30 % greater than an otherwise identical catalyst composition that is formed from impregnated support reduced at 150 °C, and in a temperature range of 140 °C to 160 °C at a gas hourly space velocity of 4500/hr will at 120 psig exhibit a VA selectivity of 90 % or greater when operated under reaction conditions that result in a STY of at least 600.
摘要:
A process for the production of methanol is disclosed wherein the gaseous reactants of CO, H2 and optimally CO2 are reacted in a distillation column reactor in the presence of an inert C7-C12 component, which is boiling at the reaction temperature within the catalyst bed. The inert component is taken overhead along with the methanol and separated therefrom for reflux of the inert component back to the reactor.
摘要:
A process for the production of methanol is disclosed wherein the gaseous reactants of CO, H2 and optimally CO2 are reacted in a distillation column reactor in the presence of an inert C7-C12 component, which is boiling at the reaction temperature within the catalyst bed. The inert component is taken overhead along with the methanol and separated therefrom for reflux of the inert component back to the reactor.