Abstract:
A method of forming an electrolyte solution involves combining ammonium tetrafluoroborate and a quaternary ammonium halide in a liquid solvent to form a quaternary ammonium tetrafluoroborate and an ammonium halide. The ammonium halide precipitate is removed from the solvent to form an electrolyte solution. The reactants can be added step-wise to the solvent, and the method can include using a stoichiometric excess of the ammonium tetrafluoroborate to form a substantially halide ion-free electrolyte solution.
Abstract:
A method of forming an electrolyte solution involves combining ammonium tetrafluoroborate and a quaternary ammonium halide in a liquid solvent to form a quaternary ammonium tetrafluoroborate and an ammonium halide. The ammonium halide precipitate is removed from the solvent to form an electrolyte solution. The reactants can be added step-wise to the solvent, and the method can include using a stoichiometric excess of the ammonium tetrafluoroborate to form a substantially halide ion-free electrolyte solution. Filtration can be done at low temperatures to reduce the amount of excess bromide in the resulting electrolyte.
Abstract:
An electrode in an energy storage device, including: an activated carbon, including: a surface area of from 1000 to 1700 m2/g; a pore volume from 0.3 to 0.6 cc/g; a chemically bonded oxygen content of 0.01 to 1.5 wt %; and a pH of from 7.5 to 10. Also disclosed is a method of making the activated carbon, the electrode, and the energy storage device.
Abstract:
A lithium-ion capacitor may include a cathode, an anode, a separator disposed between the cathode and the anode, a lithium composite material, and an electrolyte solution. The cathode and anode may be non-porous. The lithium composite material comprises a core of lithium metal and a coating of a complex lithium salt that encapsulates the core. In use, the complex lithium salt may dissolve into and constitute a portion of the electrolyte solution.
Abstract:
A method for producing activated carbon includes heating a phenolic novolac resin carbon precursor at a carbonization temperature effective to form a carbon material, and reacting the carbon material with CO2 at an activation temperature effective to form the activated carbon. The resulting activated carbon can be incorporated into a carbon-based electrode of an EDLC. Such EDLC can exhibit a potential window and thus an attendant operating voltage of greater than 3V.
Abstract:
A method for producing an amorphous activated carbon material includes heating a carbon precursor to a temperature effective to form a partially-dense amorphous carbon, and activating the partially-dense amorphous carbon to produce an amorphous activated carbon. To facilitate efficient activation of the amorphous carbon, the carbonization is controlled to produce an amorphous carbon material that, prior to activation, has a density of from 85% to 99% of a maximum density for the amorphous carbon.
Abstract:
An encapsulated lithium particle including: a core comprised of at least one of: lithium; a lithium metal alloy; or a combination thereof; and a shell comprised of a lithium salt, an oil, and optionally a binder, and the shell encapsulates the core, and the particle size is from 10 to 500 microns. Also, disclosed is a method of making the particle and using the particle in electrical devices such as a capacitor or a battery.
Abstract:
An anode in a lithium ion capacitor, including: a carbon composition comprising: a coconut shell sourced carbon in from 85 to 95 wt %; a conductive carbon in from 1 to 10 wt %; and a binder in from 3 to 8 wt %; and an electrically conductive substrate, wherein the coconut shell sourced carbon has a disorder (D) peak to graphitic (G) peak intensity ratio by Raman analysis of from 1.40 to 1.85; and by elemental analysis a hydrogen content of from 0.01 to 0.25 wt %; a nitrogen content of from 0.01 to 0.55 wt %; and an oxygen content of from 0.01 to 2 wt %. Also disclosed are methods of making and using the carbon composition.
Abstract:
An energy storage device such as an electric double layer capacitor has positive and negative electrodes, each including a blend of respective first and second activated carbon materials having distinct pore size distributions. The blend (mixture) of first and second activated carbon materials may be equal in each electrode.
Abstract:
A method for pre-doping a lithium ion capacitor, including: compressing a lithium ion capacitor of the formula: C/S/A/S/C/S/A/S/C, where: /A/ is an anode coated on both sides with an anode carbon layer, and each anode carbon layer is further coated with lithium composite powder (LCP) layer; C/ is a cathode coated on one side with a layer of an cathode carbon mixture; and S is a separator; and a non-aqueous electrolyte; and conditioning the resulting compressed lithium ion capacitor, for example, at a rate of from C/20 to 4C, and the conditioning redistributes the impregnated lithium as lithium ions in the anode carbon structure. Also disclosed is an carbon coated anode having lithium composite powder (LCP) layer compressed on the carbon coated anode.