摘要:
Processes and apparatus for quantitatively converting urea to ammonia on demand are disclosed. One process includes the steps of: receiving a demand rate signal for ammonia; feeding reactants including urea and water into a reactor to provide a reaction mixture; and controlling temperature and pressure in the reactor to produce a gaseous product stream including ammonia and carbon dioxide at substantially constant concentrations. Another process includes the steps of: feeding molten urea or solid urea to a reactor; feeding water (liquid or steam) to the reactor; and reacting the urea and water at elevated temperature and pressure to form a gaseous product stream including ammonia and carbon dioxide.
摘要:
The invention provides a method and apparatus for maintaining the operation of reactors by removing contaminant matter arising from the solid reactant(s) used as a feedstock in such systems, by either intermittent or continuous means.
摘要:
A method for conditioning flue gas to improve the removal of fly ash by an electrostatic precipitator employs a relatively high concentration (4-71/2%) of SO.sub.3 conditioning agent. The SO.sub.3 is formed by combusting sulfur and excess air in a sulfur burner to produce a mixture of air and SO.sub.2 and converting the SO.sub.2 to SO.sub.3 in a catalytic converter. The ratio of air to sulfur is maintained constant over a wide range of SO.sub.3 production rates, and the air is unheated during most production rates. The mixture of air and SO.sub.2 from the sulfur burner is cooled without increasing the volume of the gaseous mixture.
摘要:
A method of removing solvents from a paste includes introducing a heated paste into a channel of a dryer under pressure selected so as to avoid flashing of any of the components of the paste. At the inlet of the channel, the pressure is dropped, resulting in the flashing of selected components of the paste. As the paste advances through the channel heat is applied to the paste. Vapor liberated during the flashing acts as a motive force to convey the paste along the channel. The resulting concentrate is collected at an outlet of the channel.
摘要:
An organic reactant is sulfonated by injecting it into a stream of gas comprising sulfur trioxide, at a venturi, and the resulting reaction mixture is quenched with a stream of cooled, recycled reaction product immediately downstream of the venturi in a conduit in which particles of reaction mixture are agglomerated into a film of the recycle stream and in which additional sulfonation reaction occurs.
摘要:
A relatively large amount of SO.sub.2 effluent gas from a sulfonation process is converted to SO.sub.3 and recycled back to the sulfonation process as part of the SO.sub.3 sulfonating agent. The rest of the SO.sub.3 used as the sulfonating agent is derived from a sulfur burner located downstream of the sulfonation operation and in the recycle path of the SO.sub.2 in the effluent gas. Hydrocarbons in the effluent gas are converted to CO.sub.2 and H.sub.2 O in the sulfur burner. The H.sub.2 O and SO.sub.3 are removed from the gas stream at an SO.sub.3 absorber which forms rich oleum from which the SO.sub.3 is subsequently removed for use in the sulfonation operation, leaving lean oleum which is used at the SO.sub.3 absorber to remove H.sub.2 O and SO.sub.3 from the gas stream. Gases leaving the SO.sub.3 absorber include some SO.sub.3 and are passed through an H.sub.2 SO.sub.4 absorber along with water and lean oleum to produce concentrated H.sub.2 SO.sub.4.
摘要:
An organic reactant is sulfonated by injecting it into a stream of gas comprising sulfur trioxide, at a venturi, and the resulting reaction mixture is quenched with a stream of cooled, recycled reaction product immediately downstream of the venturi in a conduit in which particles of reaction mixture are agglomerated into a film of the recycle stream and in which additional sulfonation reaction occurs.
摘要:
An apparatus is provided wherein organic reactant is sulfonated by injecting it into a stream of gas comprising sulfur trioxide, at a venturi, and the resulting reaction mixture is quenched with a stream of cooled, recycled reaction product immediately downstream of the venturi in a conduit in which particles of reaction mixture are agglomerated into a film of the recycle stream and in which additional sulfonation reaction occurs.
摘要:
Processes and apparatus for quantitatively converting urea to ammonia on demand are disclosed. One process includes the steps of: receiving a demand rate signal for ammonia; feeding reactants including urea and water into a reactor to provide a reaction mixture; and controlling temperature and pressure in the reactor to produce a gaseous product stream including ammonia and carbon dioxide at substantially constant concentrations. Another process includes the steps of: feeding molten urea or solid urea to a reactor; feeding water (liquid or steam) to the reactor; and reacting the urea and water at elevated temperature and pressure to form a gaseous product stream including ammonia and carbon dioxide.
摘要:
Anhydrous fatty alcohol sulfuric acid or ethoxylated fatty alcohol sulfuric acid is neutralized with dry sodium carbonate powder in the presence of powdered sodium tripolyphosphate in a high shear mixer. The dry, powdered, neutralized reaction product is stored until required for use in the manufacture of a detergent bar whereupon the powder is mixed with liquid ingredients for the detergent bar and subjected to conventional manufacturing steps for a detergent bar. Other dry, powdered ingredients for the detergent bar may be introduced at the high shear mixer.